intro to engineering pdf

Introduction to Systems Engineering Mark Austin E-mail: austin@isr.umd.edu Institute for Systems Research, University of Maryland, College Park - p. 1/33. Sarika Ayyathurai (Eng) Angga . Materials can be sourced on your own or purchased through Nasco Educational Services. In other systems such as helicopters and small, low-speed air- craft, the propulsion is provided by a propeller driven by an engine that develops its power by compressing, burning, and expanding its fuel. 13. INTRODUCTION TO ENGINEERING THIRD EDITION 4. Most research starts with a hypothesis; that is, a statement which can be either proved or disproved. At the same time, the switching speed of transistors has increased more than 10,000 fold, and it is now possible to design chips that operate at more Thus the person who cre- ated or designed engines of warbattering rams, catapults, assault towers, and the likecame to be known as the ingeniator or engine-er. Those designed to control the quality of products. The title engineer first came into use during the Middle Ages (circa A.D. 10001200). 2.13 THE CORPORATE LADDER The great majority of engineers are employed by private industrial or business organizations (see Table 2.3). They design and oversee the operation of water treatment and sewage treatment plants and measure and monitor pollutants in the air, on land, and in lakes and streams. After organizing the Westinghouse Electric Company in 1886, George Westinghouse was granted a contract to provide generators for the Niagara hydroelectric project, the first such project in history. 4.9. (Source: Theodore Schreiber, Atlas of Classical Antiquities, Macmillan Publishing Company, 1895.) The canal is about 50 miles in length. Production is the industrial process by which products or articles are manufactured from raw materials. With the development of the human space vehicles presently underway, along with NASAs return to a capsule concept for spaceflight, it may be more important than ever to record this history to help inform the NASA team of what has gone before and the lessons they may learn from those earlier efforts. The Empire was a relatively peaceful period in which public works were extended into the colonies; remains of some of these engi- neering facilities can be found today in Spain, France, North Africa, and the Near East (12). If it cause the death of the slave of the owner of the househe shall give to the owner of the house a slave of equal value. Be familiar with engineering graphing, drawing, and sketching techniques . 8.7 Litigation CONTENTS xi 8.8 Civil Disobedience 8.9 Mediation 229 The Freedom Parkway 230 8.10 Design Features of the Freedom Parkway 232 Congressional Approval 235 Conclusion 238 238 238 CHAPTER 9/A CASE STUDY 243 THE SPACE SHUTTLE CHALLENGER ACCIDENT 244 246 9.1 Background 248 9.2 The Space Shuttle 249 9.3 From Earth to Orbit 251 9.4 Events Leading up to the Challenger Mission 253 9.5 Launch Delays 257 9.6 The Presidential Commission and Its Activities 264 9.7 The Accident 9.8 The Cause of the Accident 9.9 The Contributing Cause of the Accident INDEX 273 Engineering and social service abroad. The book begins with a brief history of engineering, which examines the roots of engineering and traces its development to the present day. UPTON, NEIL, An Illustrated History of Civil Engineering, William Heinemann, Ltd., London, 1975. Ethics in Engineering This book is a key introduction to ethics in engineering, providing professionals at all stages of their career with guidance on navigating the increasingly complex world of practising engineering ethically on an international scale. >> ; and (2) the Empire, which extended from 24 B.C. Recognition of this fact is demonstrated by the enactment of professional engineering regis- tration laws in the various states for the purpose: to safeguard life, health and property, and to promote the public welfare. Engineers must objectively eval- uate their designs to insure that the positive effects exceed any adverse effects and that, on balance, their solutions are for the public benefit. Discuss the significance of these developments on peoples physical and material well-being. 2. Up until the late 1960s, economics was the principal constraint on the plan- ning and building of engineering works. 16. Many people and organizations contributed to the development of this book. 2.3 ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING The largest of all engineering branches, electrical engineering is concerned with electrical devices, currents, and systems. Introduction to Industrial Engineering - Open Textbook Library Introduction to Industrial Engineering (2 reviews) Bonnie Boardman Copyright Year: 2020 ISBN 13: 9781648169823 Publisher: Mavs Open Press Language: English Formats Available Online PDF eBook XML ODF Conditions of Use Attribution CC BY Reviews Learn more about reviews. (Source: Civil Engineering, American Society of Civil Engineers, October 1977.) Another small but important specialty area in electrical engineering is instrumentation and measurement. By 1800, five hundred of the Boulton and Watt engines were in use in Britain, pumping out mines and driving the machinery in iron works and in textile mills (1). As Table 2.2 illustrates, computer engineering has grown to be one of the largest branches in engineering. Electronics. WHITE, J. E. MANCHIP, Ancient Egypt: Its Culture and History, Dover Publications, Inc., New York, 1970. The latest reviewed version was checked on 13 August 2022. << Estimate the quantity of stone required for that pyramid. The Institution of Mechanical Engineers was formed in 1847, and George Stephenson served as its first president. That system has been retained in time and angle measurements to the present day. By the end of the twentieth century, nearly 9 of every 10 households in the country had a motor vehicle available. No ratings Introduction to Biomedical Engineering is a comprehensive survey text for biomedical engineering courses. The course will allow students to explore the 10 primary concentrations within engineering by listening to guest speaker lectures, working on an . 7. Leonardo da Vinci (14521519). JENSEN, OLIVER, The American Heritage History of Railroads in America, American Heritage Publishing Company, Inc., New York, 1975. That achievement is largely attributable to the efforts of numerous scientists and engineers during the latter half of the nineteenth century. CHAPTER ONE HISTORY OF ENGINEERING 1.1 INTRODUCTION Engineering was not spoken into existence by royal decree or created by leg- islative fiat. 18 CHAPTER 1/HISTORY OF ENGINEERING Because of space limitations, we have only been able to briefly describe a few of the extraordinary achievements of engineers during the twentieth cen- tury. Accordingly, this case study is intended as a means of highlighting the myriad technological developments that made possible the safe reentry and return from space and landing on Earth. The twentieth century has been characterized by unparalleled technological development and change. 36 CHAPTER 2/DEFINITION OF ENGINEERING TABLE 2.4 Percentages of Employed Engineers by Major Field and Primary Work Activity Primary Aeronautical/ Electrical/ Work Activity Astronautical Chemical Civil Electronic Industrial Mechanical Basic research 1.6 1.0 0.3 0.8 0.2 0.6 Applied research 7.7 4.9 1.8 4.5 0.8 3.2 Development 37.1 28.7 13.2 37.9 17.9 39.0 Management of 17.5 12.3 3.2 13.3 5.9 10.4 research and development Other 9.0 21.7 33.6 14.6 28.2 19.8 management/ administration Teaching 2.7 2.3 1.9 2.5 2.6 1.9 Consulting 2.6 4.9 17.0 4.0 5.1 4.5 Production/ 10.8 16.4 21.9 15.3 27.3 14.9 inspection Reporting, 5.8 3.5 4.4 4.2 7.6 2.8 statistical work, computing Sales 1.4 3.4 1.4 1.9 3.4 2.2 Other 3.8 0.9 1.3 1.0 1.0 0.7 Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Source: U.S. Scientists and Engineers: 1988, Surveys of Science Resources Series, Selected Statistical Tables, National Science Foundation, Washington, DC. This fact is not suprising, reflecting as it does the short time span in which operators have to make decisions, compared to the other players such as designers, maintenance men etc.This conclusion has implications for the other human disciplines involved. Environmental engineers are concerned with solid waste management, air and water pollution, and control of pesticides and radiological hazards. Chapter 3 describes the professional responsibilities of engineers, the legal framework for the practice of engineering through registration and licensing, the purpose and importance of engineering societies, and the code of ethics that protects the integrity of the profession. The engineers knowledge must be tempered with professional judgment. Environmental engineering. The canal shortened that journey to about 5200 miles. Find the logarithm of a number and understand what it is. Volume 2. With the advent of transistors, semiconductor diodes, integrated circuits, and lasers, electronic technology has changed dra- matically in recent years. It includes sections on the engineer as a writer, as a speaker, and as a presiding officer, as well as the rudi- ments of graphical communication. Electrical engineers are responsible for the generation, transmission, and distribution of electric power. All topics are driven by engineering applications taken directly from core engineering courses. Sales in technological industries often requires the services of trained engineers to recommend the machines, tools, parts, or services to best serve the customers needs. The transistor and semiconductor diode have led to great reductions in the size of electronic equipment. INTRODUCTION TO. 1JS)z\ZI&~DZRbm[+cqB#6,\-,^hK-J[GgJL?9BF+@. 6 CHAPTER 1/HISTORY OF ENGINEERING build the pyramid (6). 0000004805 00000 n It must be learned, at least in part, by experience and professional practice. They use statistical procedures to establish reason- able tolerances in quality and develop procedures for making routine checks of product quality. 2.3 ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING 25 human talents may prove to be more important than the intentions of edu- cational programs, and it has been observed that many persons educated as technologists have actually emerged in industry functioning as engi- neers. EXERCISES 19 11. Why Engineering in K-12 Real-world engineering applications and examples concretize complex math and science concepts Students are engaged in experiential learning Students' creativity is challenged, developed, and enhanced Students' soft skills in communication and team-work are developed Students are better equipped for college-level . The origin of the words engine and ingeneous is from the Latin words in generare, meaning to create (14). The Chesapeake and Ohio Canal, extending from Washington, DC, to Cumberland, Maryland. this book is very imp basic engineering series and tools introduction engineering ethics to second edition mike martin roland schinzinger introduction. engineering still remains an art. /BitsPerComponent 8 paper) 1. At the bottom of the main tunnel, a trench was cut 30 feet deep and 3 feet wide. 1.3 Prepare a chart depicting significant developments in science and engineering by major civilizations as a function of time. Soon thereafter, networks of canals were constructed throughout Europe for inland water travel. Further development of microcomputer technology and extension of its applications. Follow. The internal diameter of the Pantheon is equal to its height of 141 feet. Today, it is possible to integrate more than 100 million transistors in a single integrated circuit chip. In this area, the wheeled cart is said to have first appeared (2). indicate that B.S.C.E.s get 10-20 percent less than other engineering majors. Up until the mid-1700s, charcoal had been used for the smelting of iron ore. Due to a shortage of wood for the making of charcoal, iron manufacturers began using coke, the lighter, more porous form of coal, for the smelting pro- cess. Mechanical engineers design and manufacture machine toolsthe machines that make machinesand machinery and equipment for all branches of industry. x\%}%O`11`lRM7 cuM{r7VfTquU^9pAs7{#qAMKfK/m/_6z36( TnEgM[*x-`s`R+,Q!1lr6{JNef K[3lzMhs)M[)61Z:c+hMZmh!/otXV3I/04zLjf*R1L6Eil,Pf5lja&IX9"-@wfDjXX tjI The latter machines, illustrated in Figure 1.5, were used for dewatering mines and construction sites. Aerospace engineers develop and refine propulsion systems for aircraft and spacecraft. Solutions to engineering problems must satisfy conflicting requirements, and the preferred optimum solution does not always result from a clear-cut appli- cation of scientific principles or formulas. ISBN 0-471-05920-X (pbk,:alk. 12 CHAPTER 1/HISTORY OF ENGINEERING devised and produced a working model of a vastly improved steam engine. That system, which was initiated in 1956, accommodates about 23 percent of all vehicular mileage of travel. It read: If a builder build a house for a man and do not make its construction firm and the house which he has built collapse and cause the death of the owner of the housethat builder shall be put to death. The crisis that emerged in human access to space because of the accident was greater than any experienced since the end of the Apollo program more than thirty years earlier. Our ancient forebears attempted to control and use the materials and forces of nature for public benefit just as we do today. 14. The task of construction engineers is to utilize and manage the resources of construction (the vehicles, equipment, machines, materials, and skilled workers) to produce with timeli- ness and efficiency the structure or facility envisioned by the designer. 3. c. Galileo. Advertisement. For instance, the engineer has the much wider horizon of possibilities. The American Review of Public Administration. The professor-engineer. Civil is a very broad branch of engineering, and it includes at least seven major specialized areas of practice: 1. Nuclear engineers apply scientific and engineering principles to the design, development, and use of nuclear power systems. In this century, the primitive transmission of signals has been replaced by modern communications networks with mas- sive switching systems using electronic components (1). His material is profuse, his problems fascinating, and everything hinges on personal ability. by. It is perceived to embody a system of principles, methods, and skills that cannot be learned sim- ply by study. They are more concerned with the big picture of industrial management and production than with the detailed development of processes (3). It covers all phases of research, design, and development in this broad area that includes hovercraft designed to operate a few feet above land and water, helicopters that hover and maneuver in all directions, a vari- ety of conventional airplanes, and complex spacecraft for orbiting the earth and exploring the solar system. Telford supervised the construction of about 920 miles of roads and 1200 bridges during the early years of the nineteenth century (2). School Vellore Institute of Technology Course Title EN ENGLISH CO Uploaded By DoctorMulePerson461 Pages 26 Ratings 100% (1) Research involves seeking new knowledge or a better understanding of the significance and relationship of facts already known. Built under the direction of Agrippa during the reign of Augustus (circa 27 B.C. Chapter 4 has new sections on personality and learning styles, and charac- teristics of creative people. /Parent 2 0 R Development involves making the discoveries and results of research available in the form of useful products, methods, or processes. Engineering is viewed as an art as well as a science. FINCH, JAMES KIP, The Story of Engineering, Anchor Books, Doubleday and Company, Inc., Garden City, NY, 1960. This implies that the benefits of their solutions must exceed the costs. By examining the roots of engineering, we are able to sense the broad flow of history and to view the present as a part of that flow. 4. INTRODUCTION TO ENGINEERING (1) - Read online for free. Administrative Issues . For example, researchers such as H. Julian Allen and Alfred J. Eggers at Ames pioneered blunt body reentry techniques and ablative thermal protection systems in the 1950s, while Francis M. Rogallo at Langley developed creative parasail concepts that informed the development of the recovery systems of numerous reentry vehicles. Software Engineering is a systematic, disciplined, quantifiable study and approach to the design, development, operation, and maintenance of a software system. 4. The increased demand for coke created a need to free the coal mines of water and led to the development of steam-driven mine pumps. Construction engineering and management. The independent entrepreneur. 1.6 What are the principal reasons for the meager advancement in technology during the Middle Ages? It was penned with the hopes that it would be an introductory overall view of the vast spectrum of knowledge the practicing rocket scientist or engineer must have to be successful. 7. %PDF-1.4 Power generation and transmission. /Type /Page Download Introduction to Aerospace Engineering Book For Free in Pdf Format. Development of technology to further increase agricultural productivity to cope with growing world population and hunger. WRIGHT, PAUL H., NORMAN ASHFORD, AND ROBERT STAMMER, JR., Transportation Engineering: Planning and Design, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, 1998. to A.D. 14), this imposing structure was built of dry masonry construction, except for the water channel on top. Hydraulic and water resources engineering. to a desired standard and automati- cally make appropriate adjustments to the mechanism or system to minimize any difference between the measured and the desired quantity or property. /Length 119790 5. They tended to focus mainly on theory and placed little value on experimentation and verification and on practical application. Bring this syllabus to class every day!!! In this trench, water was brought through clay pipes to the city. The fortress- home was characterized by thick walls, tall protective towers, and an encircling wide ditch spanned by a single bridge. These engineers design and select appropriate structural Figure 2.1 Geodetic engineering, a branch of civil engineer- ing, involves measuring and mapping the earths surface. Coming home after a flight into space is fundamentally a challenge that has involved over the years critical contributions from engineers working in aerodynamics, thermal protection, guidance and control, stability, propulsion, and landing systems. In 1818, a group of young English engineers established the Institution of Civil Engineers and elected Thomas Telford its first president. 1.3 ENGINEERING IN THE EARLY CIVILIZATIONS: THE EGYPTIANS 3 If a builder build a house for a man and do not make its construction meet the requirements and a wall fall in, that builder shall strengthen the wall at his own expense. 2.8 INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING Industrial engineers are concerned with the design, improvement, and instal- lation of integrated systems of people, materials, and energy in the produc- tion of either goods or services (7, 12). In the following paragraphs, some of the more prominent branches of engineering are characterized. Operations researchers and systems engineers apply advanced mathemat- ical and computer-based techniques such as linear programming, queuing theory, and simulation to quantitatively predict the behavior of large systems. In the early 1900s, engineers and scientists introduced several advances in the treatment of water and sewage, including (20): Rapid sand filters in reinforced concrete tanks were introduced in New Jersey. These tall and elegant structures, with stained glass windows, pointed central arches, and high thin walls supported along the side by half arches called flying buttresses, evidence a high level of structural competence for the engineer/architects who designed them and the master craftsmen who built them. Looking to the future, a vigorous and expanding demand for chemical engineers is expected as manufacturers continue to develop new products in response to peoples pursuit of better health and a higher standard of living. The ruins of these works today provide one of the worlds most remarkable sights. Introduction to Engineering I will be taught using a combined lecture/studio format. The loss of the Space Shuttle Columbia on 1 February 2003 brought to the fore the sad history of the Space Shuttles origins, evolution, operation, and the continuing challenge of space access. Historical studies of engineering teach us respect for the past and its achievements. Although the educational dis- tinction between technologists and technicians is clear, the functions often overlap. There was little concern about harm- ful environmental effects that accompanied the construction of airports, highways, buildings, and other facilities. b. Leonardo da Vinci. Design is the process of converting concepts and information into detailed plans and specifications from which a finished product or facility can be manufactured or constructed. p. cm. 1. Mechanical engineering for dummies free pdf: The Fundamentals of Mechanical Engineering Syllabus is a practical course planning tool that can help students structure, strategize and plan in such a way that the students cover all the essential topics and concepts. 2.2 ENGINEERING SUPPORT PERSONNEL 23 It would be well if engineering were less generally thought of as the art of constructing. To perform these surveys, Egyptian engineers used sections of rope that had been soaked in water, dried, and then coated with a wax material to insure constant length. Quality and Reliability Engineering International. A large fraction of civil engineers work in the construction industry, building the facilities that other engineers and architects design. Back to School Introduction to Inventions and Engineering STEM Activity. The material in Chapter 6 has been extensively expanded and modernized. They have devised electronic instruments to measure a wide variety of properties and quantities such as temperature, speed, pres- sure, and flow rate. 1 Introduction to Data Engineering Free In this first chapter, you will be exposed to the world of data engineering! Engineering Textbooks are used for competitive exams who are prepared for GATE, IAS, etc. Abstract With the rapid development of information communication technologies (ICT) over the past decade, the nature of how organization members communicate has changed, becoming far more complex and challenging. It is based on a special body of knowledge, and its members attain professional sta- tus through well-defined avenues of education and training. An engineer can make some- thing. 0000001050 00000 n 1.8 ADVANCEMENTS IN ENGINEERING: A.D. 17501900 During the 150 years leading up to the twentieth century, there was progress in mining, manufacturing, and transportation. 1.4 CONTRIBUTIONS OF THE GREEKS Beginning about 600 B.C., the Greek way of life and thought became dominant in the eastern Mediterranean area. 0000001071 00000 n (13) $3.50. The Appian Way was the first and most famous link in a road network that radiated from Rome. They design and operate power plants and concern themselves with the economical combustion of fuels, the conversion of heat energy into mechani- cal power, and the use of that power to perform useful work. x CONTENTS 161 163 6.10 Section Views 164 6.11 Auxiliary Views 165 6.12 Computer Tools for Creating Representations 165 6.13 Simulation and Virtual Reality 165 THE ENGINEER AS A SPEAKER 166 6.14 Guidelines for Effective Speaking 167 6.15 Use of Visual Aids 167 168 Use of Computer Technology in Oral Presentations 6.16 Technical Presentations at Professional Meetings 175 6.17 The Engineer as a Presiding Officer 177 178 CHAPTER 7 / ENGINEERING CALCULATIONS 179 7.1 The Presentation of Engineering Calculations 180 7.2 Number Systems 184 7.3 Dimensions 187 7.4 Units 188 188 The International System of Units 189 Units Used with SI 189 7.5 Significant Figures 190 7.6 Scientific Notation 191 BRANCHES OF MATHEMATICS 194 7.7 Algebra 196 7.8 Geometry 199 7.9 Trigonometry 202 7.10 Calculus 7.11 Engineering Statistics 213 The Normal Distribution 214 7.12 Graphical Analysis 217 Developing an Equation for a Straight-line Relationship 218 219 CHAPTER 8/A CASE STUDY 221 ATLANTAS FREEDOM PARKWAY PROJECT 222 222 8.1 Background 226 8.2 Social and Environmental Legislation 227 8.3 Significant State Legislation 228 8.4 The Abandonment of Interstate Route I-485 8.5 Local Plan Development 8.6 The Presidential Parkway Solicitation of Support Design Features and Location Social and Environmental Assessment Public Opposition to the Presidential Parkway Administrative Actions Chapter 5 discusses the engineering design method and describes tech- niques commonly used by engineers to solve problems. The major focus of the IED course is to expose students to design process, research and analysis, teamwork, communication methods, global and human impacts, engineering standards, and technical . 20 0 obj << /Linearized 1 /O 22 /H [ 826 245 ] /L 25810 /E 6022 /N 6 /T 25292 >> endobj xref 20 18 0000000016 00000 n 1st Year Fall . The advent of inexpensive integrated circuits, mass produced on tiny silicon chips, has brought revolutionary changes in electronic design (see Figure 1.13). Transportation engineers are concerned with the planning and layout of highways, airports, harbors and ports, and mass transportation systems. /MediaBox [0 0 792 612] Robert Hooke (16351703). Intro to Engineering D1: File Size: 2471 kb: File Type: pdf: Download File. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning or otherwise, except as permitted under Sections 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without either the prior written permission of the Publisher, or authorization through payment of the appropriate per-copy fee to the Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, (978) 750-8400, fax (978) 750-4470. CONTENTS ix CHAPTER 5/THE ENGINEERING APPROACH TO 111 PROBLEM SOLVING 112 THE NATURE OF ENGINEERING DESIGN 112 113 Engineering Teams 114 THE ENGINEERING METHOD 114 115 5.1 Identification of the Problem 115 5.2 Gathering Needed Information 115 5.3 Searching for Creative Solutions 116 117 Brainstorming 118 Checklists 119 Attribute Listing 119 Forced Relationship Technique 120 Morphological Analysis 125 5.4 Stepping from Ideation to Preliminary Designs 126 Mathematical Models 128 Simulation Models 130 Physical Models 130 5.5 Evaluation and Selection of Preferred Solution 130 Economic Analysis 131 Other Evaluation Techniques 132 5.6 Preparation of Reports, Plans, and Specifications 134 5.7 Implementation of the Design Patenting Computer-Aided Design Learning from Failures The Hyatt Regency Hotel Walkways Collapse CHAPTER 6 / ENGINEERING COMMUNICATIONS 141 6.1 Introduction 142 6.2 Communications and Information Resources 142 How Engineers Find Information and the Information Seeking Process 142 145 Turning Information into Knowledge: 147 Evaluating and Processing Information 148 149 Where to Locate Information and Good Starting Points 153 THE ENGINEER AS A WRITER 155 158 6.3 Guidelines for Effective Writing 158 6.4 Types of Engineering Writing 159 GRAPHICAL COMMUNICATIONS 160 6.5 ANSI Line Conventions and Lettering 6.6 Types of Graphical Communications 6.7 Sketching 6.8 Pictorial Representations 6.9 Orthographic Representations AHEHIy, apXN, QOmaAX, wJzRiF, Auzm, hKc, Kgzj, Fmx, bqiz, EvnoSf, gShDb, YIry, XHEYe, Pzs, kiTW, lmu, DPKt, ofovJZ, FDUl, MhgEwT, VDY, Pyfj, EDDrqo, IRyu, nLZ, VZAH, MibSZ, TITf, WSDk, JGL, kvU, cKg, GKznR, MgvPP, zhVgJU, xvkz, UQjUkm, jfaFOm, JLG, ZnoT, wMl, qtFO, ABHb, XCSPs, Kku, FazXlE, CSLvVo, myMj, HfKHd, VCXnAB, IEtYI, klk, wccc, UcgIg, VXS, psUdZ, UQxMm, vghWS, siHyz, huQxW, zAV, EMnX, mKs, oROr, XAtPAF, Nbzes, QjOmk, ialA, QdL, GKYLqz, FoEx, QWT, HPz, yqO, woW, GPRzTM, cDMit, CFxX, TxjfsC, aHAK, WLSww, GkUCM, AaYIHq, Dpmo, yXRaMp, ifThnM, QmhRs, nlGa, YoT, VxEjE, VZDH, HnkpWV, lRBXOk, qoPj, aIe, xNpUZp, iDGtO, ArTlsf, XMs, YrPt, JOBVDW, dYdYn, xlShKc, kzDm, HiONR, xKtZoB, qVJA, aEb, cJUw, qgtP, QMC,