tunisia 2011 elections

Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). President Habib Bourguiba took a nonaligned stance but emphasized close relations with Europe, Pakistan, and the United States. [204] Nearly a third of the books are published for children.[205]. It tracks the status of 817 permanent and 106 temporary venues, at 51 summer and winter editions of the Olympic Games, from Athens 1896 to WebThe 2011 Egyptian revolution, also known as the 25 January revolution (Arabic: ; Thawrat khamsa wa-irn yanyir), began on 25 January 2011 and spread across Egypt.The date was set by various youth groups to coincide with the annual Egyptian "Police holiday" as a statement against increasing police brutality during the last few years of In OctoberNovember 2019, Tunisia completed its first peaceful transfer of power from one democratically elected government to another when it inaugurated the second president and second parliament under the new constitution. [131] According to a 2018 survey conducted by the Arab Barometer, the vast majority of Tunisians (99.4%) continue to identify as Muslim. [14], Tusk campaigned on a platform that drew on the record of its economic success during the previous government. Many Jews consider it a pilgrimage site, with celebrations taking place there once a year due to its age and the legend that the synagogue was built using stones from Solomon's temple. [38] Allegedly surprised by Ennahda's popularity,[38] two years later Ben Ali banned the movement and jailing 25,000 activists. The Bey of Tunis then, by his own lights but informed by the Turkish example, attempted to effect a modernizing reform of institutions and the economy. Its coast was settled by Phoenicians starting as early as the 12th century BC (Bizerte, Utica). [93], Tunisia's first democratically elected president Beji Caid Essebsi died in July 2019. Their premier football league is the Tunisian Ligue Professionnelle 1. Get information on latest national and international events & more. "[80], Political scientist Riadh Sidaoui explains that the Ennahda leader models his approach on the moderate Islamism of Turkey; he says: "The leadership was forced into exile in London for a long time [because of harassment by Tunisian police] and understood about the need to have a balanced outlook No one wants a repeat of the 1991 Algerian scenario."[81]. ", "Caught in the Net: Tunisia's First Lady", "Ajaccio Un trafic de yachts entre la France et la Tunisie en procs", "Le parcours fulgurant de Sakhr El-Materi, gendre du prsident tunisien Ben Ali", "Droits de l'Homme: aprs le harclement, l'asphyxie", "Dans le monde de l'aprs-11 septembre, seule la paix protge les liberts", "Wikileaks might have triggered Tunis' revolution", "Tunisia riots: Reform or be overthrown, US tells Arab states amid fresh riots", "Trade unions: the revolutionary social network at play in Egypt and Tunisia", "When fleeing Tunisia, don't forget the gold", Middle East Research and Information Project, "Former dissident sworn in as Tunisia's president", "Tunisia's constitution will not be based on Sharia: Islamist party", "Tunisian opposition leader Chokri Belaid shot dead outside his home", "Tunisia launches Truth and Dignity Commission", "The real reason Tunisia renewed its state of emergency", "Tunisian President Beji Caid Essebsi dies aged 92", "Tunisia election: Kais Saied to become president", "Tunisia's new president sworn in after surprise election win", "Tunisia's Democracy Verges on Dissolution as President Moves to Take Control", "Tunisian president sacks PM, suspends parliament after violent protests", "Tunisian president moves to cement one-man rule", "Tunisian leader names new PM with little experience at crisis moment", "Tunisia elected member of African Union security council", "Tunisia's talks with the IMF: What's at stake? WebLa Tunisia stata abitata fin dalla preistoria: la presenza umana documentata fin dal paleolitico.I suoi primi abitanti noti furono trib berbere.Sintetizzando millenni di storia tunisina bisogna ricordare il conflitto interetnico tra i berberi sedentari e gli arabofoni nomadi, avvenuto fra il XII e il XIV secolo.. Il rapporto fra queste due culture, sul piano del potere Anger and violence intensified following Bouazizi's death on 4 January 2011, ultimately leading longtime President Zine El Abidine Ben Ali to resign and flee the country on 14 January 2011, after 23 years in power. [97][98] In September 2021, Saied said he would appoint a committee to help draft new constitutional amendments. December 9, 2022. WebRead latest breaking news, updates, and headlines. [89] Amnesty International said that it was deeply disappointed by the comments of Dilou, especially that he's responsible for the respect of human rights. [110] Tunisia was the only democracy in North Africa until 2021. Once elected, the council will be tasked with drafting a new constitution. The previous election, in 2007, resulted in a Civic PlatformPolish People's Party government. [136], Oil production of Tunisia is about 97,600 barrels per day (15,520m3/d). [20], Our Home Poland - Andrzej Lepper's Self-Defence, In result breakdown by candidate provdided by the National Electoral Commission, the sum of party votes are different from final released vote totals for coalitions for, Presidency of the Council of the European Union, Opinion polling for the Polish parliamentary election, 2011, National Party of Retirees and Pensioners, Polish Nation Organization Polish League, Christian Democracy of the 3rd Polish Republic, Pliki Do Pobrania Okrgi wyborcze National Electoral Commission, "Parliamentary elections on October 16 or 23 - Warsaw Business Journal - Online Portal - wbj.pl", "An interview with Joanna Kluzik-Rostkowska", "Spring elections before Poland's EU presidency? Russell", "Saladin and the Ayyubid Campaigns in the Maghrib", "Amnesty International censures Tunisia over human rights", "Tunisians hail fall of ex-leader's corrupt family", "Tunisie: comment s'enrichit le clan Ben Ali? Before the recent democratic transition, although freedom of the press was formally guaranteed by the constitution, almost all newspapers have in practice followed the government line report. FTO designations play a critical role in our fight against terrorism and are an effective means of curtailing support for terrorist activities and The interim government postpones the election until October 23, 2011, saying that more time is required to prepare for a credible vote. Zine al-Abidine Ben Ali to step down in January 2011. Its first formation consisted of 36 members from different professional fields. ", "Washington ready to play soft Islam card", "Cosmopolitan Islamists (Weltoffene Islamisten)", "Tunisia's Ennahda says its deputy head abducted", "Tunisia's Ennahdha party says senior official detained", "Tunisian Ennahda politician hospitalised 'in critical condition' after arrest", "Speaker asks Tunisian president for news of arrested Ennahda official", "Financing Questions Shadow Tunisian Vote, First of Arab Spring", "Tunisia coalition agrees top government posts", "Mustapha Ben Jaafar Elected President of the Constituent Assembly", "Ennahda's Jebali Appointed as Tunisian Prime Minister", "Libyan Refugees Stream to Tunisia for Care, and Tell of a Home That Is Torn Apart", "Tunisia: Prime Minister Hamadi Jebali resigns after the failure of his firm apolitical", "How one Tunisian party is separating Islam from politics", "Tunisia PM resigns after cabinet initiative fails to form a technocratic government", "Tunisian PM resigns sparking credit rating downgrade", "IMF says still in touch with Tunisia on loan", "Ali Larayedh Tunisia's New Prime Minister", "Tunisia PM Ali Larayedh unveils new government", "Tunisian premier resigns for caretaker government, protests hit south", "Tunisia racism: 'I lost the will to leave my home', "Tunisian Women Demonstrate to Protect Their Rights", "Ennahda and the Separation of Politics from Religion", "Moderate Islamists set for Tunisian victory", "Hamas Representative Addresses Tunisian Political Rally", "Tunisian Jewish Community Horrified, Demanding Quick Government Response in Aftermath of Haniyeh Visit", "Tunisia's women fear veil over Islamist intentions in first vote of Arab spring", "Tunisia: Ennahda Rejects Inheritance Equality", "From Islamists to Muslim Democrats: The Case of Tunisia's Ennahda", "Tunisie - Le coming-out homophobe du ministre des droits de l'homme", "Amnesty International invite Samir Dilou revenir sur ses propos sur l'homosexualit", "Tunisie. The history of the Jews in Tunisia goes back some 2,000 years. In 2011, the Tunisian Revolution, which was triggered by dissatisfaction with the lack of freedom and democracy under the 24-year rule of President Zine El Abidine Ben Ali, overthrew his regime and catalyzed the broader Arab Spring movement across the region. [28][29], The French derivative Tunisie was adopted in some European languages with slight modifications, introducing a distinctive name to designate the country. Tunisia maintains diplomatic relations with over 160+ countries. He also said that he would pursue a "steady rapprochement" with Russia, in spite of prior rows over missile defence, gas pipelines and the inquiry into the plane crash that killed Poland's former president in 2010. Tunisia remained part of the Almohad state, until 1230 when the son of Abu Hafs declared himself independent. This has changed since, as the media censorship by the authorities have been largely abolished, and self-censorship has significantly decreased. Omissions? WebActualits, sport, people et lifestyle : le meilleur de l'info en un clic. [35], Although traditionally shaped by the thinking of Islamist thinkers Sayyid Qutb and Maududi, the party began to be described as "moderate Islamist" in the 1980s when it advocated democracy and a "Tunisian" form of Islamism recognizing political pluralism and a "dialogue" with the West. The lowest point is Chott el Djerid at 17 metres (56ft) below sea level and the highest is Jebel ech Chambi at 1,544 metres (5,066ft). In the last years of the Hafsid dynasty, Spain seized many of the coastal cities, but these were recovered by the Ottoman Empire. [6], The date of the election, October 9, was set by the President of Poland, Bronisaw Komorowski,[7] and announced on 4 July. There was even a huge production of mosaics and ceramics, exported mainly to Italy, in the central area of El Djem (where there was the second biggest amphitheater in the Roman Empire). [96], On 25 July 2021, amid ongoing demonstrations concerning government dysfunction and corruption and rises in COVID-19 cases, Kais Saied suspended parliament, dismissed the prime minister and withdrew immunity of parliament members. Opinion polls over the past four years had fairly consistently shown the PO to have the largest level of popular support among Poland's political parties. The latter, in exchange, immediately appointed Ennahda's secretary-general Hamadi Jebali as Prime Minister.[58]. [197] Artists gained international recognition such as Hatem El Mekki or Zoubeir Turki and influenced a generation of new young painters. [42], The Arab governors of Tunis founded the Aghlabid dynasty, which ruled Tunisia, Tripolitania and eastern Algeria from 800 to 909. ", As Tunisians Cheer Egypt, Islamist Leader Returns, "More Officials Quit in Tunisia Amid Protests", "Rached Ghannouchi against Islamic Caliphate and against Hizb ut-Tahrir but supports democracy", "Tunisia's Islamist group legalized after 30 years", "Tunisia: Political Parties, Unknown to 61% of Tunisians", "The Center for the Study of Islam and Democracy Holds a Discussion on "What Kind of Democracy for the New Tunisia: Islamic or Secular? Homosexualit: le candidat islamiste pour le respect de la libert individuelle, mais", " : ". [42] [62], On 19 February 2013, following the assassination of Chokri Belaid and ensuing protests, Prime Minister Hamadi Jebali resigned from his office,[63] a move which was deemed unprecedented by analysts. The success of the uprising, which came to be known in the media as the Jasmine Revolution, inspired a wave of similar protests throughout the Middle East and North The breakaway Palikot Movement won 40 seats and the second biggest incumbent coalition party, the Polish People's Party, won 28 seats. The railway network is operated by SNCFT and amounts to 2,135 kilometres (1,327mi) in total. The Ennahda Movement, formerly banned under the Ben Ali regime, came out of the election as the largest party, with 89 seats out of a total of 217. We are heading for elections without Members were elected by popular vote to serve five-year terms. [112], According to the CIA World Factbook, ethnic groups in Tunisia are: Arab 98%, European 1%, Jewish and other 1%. Although Tunisia managed an average 5% growth over the last decade, it continues to suffer from a high unemployment rate, especially among youth. [citation needed], The European Union remains Tunisia's first trading partner, currently accounting for 72.5% of Tunisian imports and 75% of Tunisian exports. Sign up to stay connected and get important email updates from IFES. [57] With this treaty, Tunisia was officially made a French protectorate, over the objections of Italy. By the 2nd century, olive oil rivaled cereals as an export item. On 7 November 2006, President Zine el-Abidine Ben Ali announced the demerger of the business into two separate companies, which became effective on 31 August 2007. PiS's greatest difficulty this election, was not only that it trailed PO in popular support, but that even if it were to outpoll the PO, it might have had difficulty in finding other parties willing to enter into a coalition with it. The report is the first-ever official inventory of the post-Games use of Olympic venues. In 1989, it changed its name to arakat Ennahha. According to scholar Noah Feldman, rather than being a "puzzling disappointment for the forces of democracy", the Ennahda victory is a natural outcome of inevitable differences between revolution's leaders and the fact that "Tunisians see Islam as a defining feature of their personal and political identities." It contains the eastern end of the Atlas Mountains and the northern reaches of the Sahara desert; much of its remaining territory is arable land. A demonstrator participating in protests against the government is shot by police in the town of Menzel Bouziane. [citation needed]. The founders of Carthage also established a Tophet, which was altered in Roman times. "The Nobel Peace Prize 2015". As for literature in French, it is characterized by its critical approach. Tunisia finalised the tariffs dismantling for industrial products in 2008 and therefore was the first non-EU Mediterranean country to enter in a free trade area with EU. WebThere is a striking difference in interpretations of the outcomes of the 2011 and 2014 elections in Tunisia. [197], There are currently fifty art galleries housing exhibitions of Tunisian and international artists. [176][177], Prior to independence, Tunisia was home to more than 250,000 Christians (mostly of Italian and Maltese ancestry). In 1881, using the pretext of a Tunisian incursion into Algeria, the French invaded with an army of about 36,000 and forced the Bey to agree to the terms of the 1881 Treaty of Bardo (Al Qasr as Sa'id). This was the reason or pretext for French forces to establish a protectorate in 1881. [41], Tunis was taken in 695, re-taken by the Byzantine Eastern Romans in 697, but lost permanently in 698. Beginning in December 2010, unprecedented mass demonstrations against poverty, corruption, and political repression broke out in several Arab countries, challenging the authority of some of the most entrenched regimes in the Middle East and North Africa. The two largest parties, Civic Platform and the Law and Justice Party, reported significant declines in favourability; however, the former's breakaway Palikot Movement recorded a stellar rise, with little changes for the others. WebCountry Total Cases New Cases Total Deaths New Deaths Recovered Active Cases Critical Cases; UAE: 1,045,040-2,348-1,025,425: 17,267-Saudi Arabia: 826,009-9,477 [95] On 23 October 2019, Kais Saied was sworn in as Tunisia's new President. [43][47][48], The depredation of the Tunisian campaigns by the Banu Hilal, a warlike Arab Bedouin tribe encouraged by the Fatimids of Egypt to seize Northwest Africa, sent the region's rural and urban economic life into further decline. [66] Though it is relatively small in size, Tunisia has great environmental diversity due to its northsouth extent. Attacks on European shipping were made by corsairs, primarily from Algiers, but also from Tunis and Tripoli, yet after a long period of declining raids the growing power of the European states finally forced its termination. public entity under the Ministry of Agriculture. A Carthaginian invasion of Italy led by Hannibal during the Second Punic War, one of a series of wars with Rome, nearly crippled the rise of Roman power. All seats of both Houses were up for re-election. After authorities refused to hear his complaint, he doused himself with gasoline and set himself alight. [131], According to the 1956 Tunisian census, Tunisia had a population at the time of 3,783,000 residents, 95% consisting of Berbers and Arabs, 256,000 Europeans and 105,000 Jews. Zine al-Abidine Ben Ali appears on state television to. [132], Among Tunisia's tourist attractions are its cosmopolitan capital city of Tunis, the ancient ruins of Carthage, the Muslim and Jewish quarters of Djerba, coastal resorts outside of Monastir, and the night life-driven city of Hammamet. However, the IMF said that it was still in talks for a US$1.78billion loan to the country. Initially under Turkish rule from Algiers, soon the Ottoman Porte appointed directly for Tunis a governor called the Pasha supported by janissary forces. Following the Battle of Carthage which began in 149 BC during the Third Punic War, Carthage was conquered by Rome in 146 BC. IFES provides Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) on Elections in Kazakhstan: 2022 Early Presidential Elections. WebElection Snapshot Elections in Tunisia: 2022 Parliamentary Elections IFES provides Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) ahead of Tunisia's 2022 parliamentary elections. The Tunisian national handball team won the African Cup ten times, being the team dominating this competition. [66] The anniversary of Ben Ali's succession, 7 November, was celebrated as a national holiday. Poland Comes First In 2019, in the lead-up to national elections, once again a majority was optimistic that the situation in the country would improve in the near future. The Tunisian governments response to the protests attracted international criticism when dozens of protesters were killed in clashes with police. The TV media has long remained under the domination of the Establishment of the Broadcasting Authority Tunisia (ERTT) and its predecessor, the Tunisian Radio and Television, founded in 1957. [12] The group supported the 1979 takeover of the U.S. embassy in Tehran, claiming that "It was not an embassy, but a spy centre". The International Festival of the Sahara, celebrated annually at the end of December, honors the cultural traditions associated with the Tunisian desert. Other parties Apart from playing in five Africa Cup of Nations, Khazri also played in the 2018 World Cup in Russia where he scored a goal each against Belgium and Panama with the win against Panama being the North African sides second win in World Cup history. In 1930 The Rachidia was founded, well known thanks to artists from the Jewish community. [49], On 31 December 2021, Ennahda claimed in a statement that the party's Vice President and member of the Tunisian Parliament, Noureddine El-Beheiry, had been abducted by security forces with civilian clothes and taken to an unknown destination.[50][51] On 2 January 2022, AFP reported that El-Beheiry had been rushed to intensive care at a hospital in the northern town Bizerte and was in a "critical condition". [48], On a press conference in June 2011 the Ennahda Party presented itself as modern and democratic and introduced a female member who wore a headscarf and a member who didn't, and announced the launching of a youth wing. Protests continued, with many objecting to the participation of RCD politicians in the interim government. The MTI leaders had encouraged their followers to join in the riots, but the government produced no proof that they had organized them. Because earlier attempts to quell the rioting had failed, on January 13 Ben Ali appeared on national television and made broader concessions to the opposition, promising not to seek another term as president when his term ended in 2014. The secretary-general of Tunisias powerful UGTT union claimed on Saturday that legislative elections due later this month serve no purpose.. Go away: Messis verbal aim at Wout Weghorst being printed as football merchandise, Gehlot and Pilot fly together to Shimla for swearing-in ceremony, Cong says all leaders are united, Ramnath Goenka Excellence in Journalism Awards, Statutory provisions on reporting (sexual offenses), This website follows the DNPAs code of conduct. WebThe Ennahda Movement (Arabic: , romanized: arakatu n-Nahah; French: Mouvement Ennahdha), also known as the Renaissance Party or simply known as Ennahda, is a self-defined Islamic democratic political party in Tunisia.. Research in Outdoor Education is a peer-reviewed, scholarly journal seeking to support and further outdoor education and its goals, including personal growth and moral development, team building IFES: Legislators must deliver electoral laws on time, "Mximo Zaldvar, IFES regional director for Latin America and the Caribbean, says the Dominican Republic must learn from past elections. [165][166], French also plays a major role in Tunisian society, despite having no official status. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. Both were members of Ben Alis political party, the Democratic Constitutional Rally (French: Rassemblement Constitutionel Dmocratique; RCD). Tunisia is situated on the Mediterranean coast of Northwest Africa, midway between the Atlantic Ocean and the Nile Delta. Interim President Mebazaa announces that an election to choose a constitutional council will be held on July 24. Tunisia is well integrated into the international community. [117] Sharia courts were abolished in 1956. [30], The Numidians and Moors belonged to the race from which the Berbers are descended. Its 1,300km (810mi) of coastline include the African conjunction of the western and eastern parts of the Mediterranean Basin. Today, Tunisia's culture and identity are rooted in this centuries-long intersection of different cultures and ethnicities. The Medes settled and were known as Mauri, later Moors. UNite: Activism to End Violence against Women and Girls! [49] The Arab historian Ibn Khaldun wrote that the lands ravaged by Banu Hilal invaders had become completely arid desert. Thus, the persecution, and murder of the Jews from 1940 to 1943 was part of the Holocaust in France. I have no embarrassment about that, Khazri had told BBC Africa earlier this year. Web1. A constitution was finally promulgated in January 2014 that was hailed as a successful compromise by both Tunisians and international observers. [22] Ghanouchi "hinted broadly" that he personally supported Beji Caid Essebsi,[73] (who won with over 55% of the vote). In 1910 there were 105,000 Italians in Tunisia.[58]. The valid votes were 96.57% of the ballots. Other languages have left the name untouched, such as the Russian (Tuns) and Spanish Tnez. Prime Minister Donald Tusk's Civic Platform (PO) won a plurality of seats and Tusk became the first Polish prime minister to be appointed for a second consecutive term since the fall of communism. A high-ranking commander of President Hissne Habr's military during the 1980s, Dby played important roles in the Toyota War Official websites use .gov. Al-Ghannouchi, R. (1998). [11] An election over two days would have cost 130140 million zoty, compared to 90 million for a one-day election. While some older parties are well-established and can draw on previous party structures, many of the 100-plus parties extant as of February 2012 are small. [215], In boxing, Victor Perez ("Young") was world champion in the flyweight weight class in 1931 and 1932.[216]. Webalthough since the country's october 2011 elections for a transitional government, "in principle" tunisia has been run by a secular-moderate islamic coalition of three parties, while technically true, the fact of the matter is that the two secular parties that shared power with ennahda had very little weight in the government, nor did they have Ghannouchi defended the presence of ministers from the previous regime in the new government, saying that the ministers had not participated in Ben Alis attempts to violently suppress protests. I have a lot of flags on my shoulders, its nice. WebMembers of the The San Diego Union-Tribune Editorial Board and some local writers share their thoughts on 2022. He said: "I promised if my initiative did not succeed I would resign as head of the government, and this is what I am doing following my meeting with the president. The transition to a democratic government was long and arduous. However, it was not until the final Ottoman reconquest of Tunis from Spain in 1574 under Kapudan Pasha Ulu Ali Reis that the Ottomans permanently acquired the former Hafsid Tunisia, retaining it until the French conquest of Tunisia in 1881. His remarks, dismissed by members of the interim government and representatives of Ennahda, trigger several days of street protests. 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The Civic Platform favoured an election date of 23 October. Air India about to order 500 jets: Why is this important? Dec 6, 2022 @ 10:07 Diane Shalem Comments Off on Netanyahu wont respect his deals with coalition partners once government in place DEBKA Marzouki appoints Hamadi Jebali, a member of Ennahda, to the post of prime minister. In maritime terms, the country claims a contiguous zone of 24 nautical miles (44 kilometres), and a territorial sea of 12 nautical miles (22 kilometres). [32][33] Their influence in 1984 was such that, according to Robin Wright, a British journalist living in Tunisia, stated that the Islamic Tendency was "the single most threatening opposition force in Tunis. Founded as the Movement of Islamic Tendency in 1981, Ennahda was inspired by the Egyptian Muslim On 23 November 2014 Tunisia held its first presidential election following the Arab Spring in 2011. A former minister in the interim government predicts that members of the interim government will stage a coup if Ennahda wins in elections. WebPolitical Analysis, Espionage, Terrorism, Security. [47][50], The main Tunisian cities were conquered by the Normans of Sicily under the Kingdom of Africa in the 12th century, but following the conquest of Tunisia in 11591160 by the Almohads the Normans were evacuated to Sicily. Les cookies conservs dans votre navigateur permettent de vous reconnatre quand vous revenez sur le site internet dACTED, et de fournir des informations nos quipes pour nous permettre damliorer votre exprience de navigation et les In our country its confidential, we cant say what we have chosen, you cant show what you have chosen, so this is different for us;" while Mounira Belghouthi, from a local election board in Kairouan, added that the advanced voting machines were more technologically advanced than in Tunisia and they sought to get an idea its usage.[12]. [38], Ennahda's newspaper Al-Fajr was banned in Tunisia and its editor, Hamadi Jebali, was sentenced to sixteen years imprisonment in 1992 for membership in the un-authorized organisation and for "aggression with the intention of changing the nature of the state". IFES Senior Global Social Media and Disinformation Specialist, Lisa Repell on democracy and online transparency in Tech Policy Press. WebLatest world news, international news, world video, international video on Fox News. [90], In 2014, President Moncef Marzouki established Tunisia's Truth and Dignity Commission, as a key part of creating a national reconciliation. WebThe Carter Center has worked in Tunisia since 2011, monitoring elections and the country's constitution-drafting process and overseeing a variety of projects to help strengthen the countrys democratic institutions. [145] Tunisia provides good quality drinking water throughout the year.[146]. [173] Djerba, an island in the Gulf of Gabs, is home to El Ghriba synagogue, which is one of the oldest synagogues in the world and the oldest continuously used. WebThe Ennahda Movement (Arabic: , romanized: arakatu n-Nahah; French: Mouvement Ennahdha), also known as the Renaissance Party or simply known as Ennahda, is a self-defined Islamic democratic political party in Tunisia.. Le Mouvement de la Tendance Islamique en Tunisie. [203] In 2006 this figure had increased to 1,500 and 1,700 in 2007. As for poetry, Tunisian poetry typically opts for nonconformity and innovation with poets such as Aboul-Qacem Echebbi. The Indian Express website has been rated GREEN for its credibility and trustworthiness by Newsguard, a global service that rates news sources for their journalistic standards. [173] The country has a secular culture where religion is separated from not only political, but also public life. Speaking before an audience, Noureddine Taboubi, denounced President Kais Saieds constitutional reforms that in his view had neutralized political parties. [109], Tunisia is a representative democracy and a republic with a president serving as head of state, a prime minister as head of government, a unicameral parliament, and a civil law court system. [31], The party has been described as one of many parties/movements in Muslim states "that grew up alongside the Iranian revolution",[32] and it was originally inspired by the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood. [133] According to The New York Times, Tunisia is "known for its golden beaches, sunny weather and affordable luxuries". Tunisia has participated in peacekeeping efforts in the DROC and Ethiopia/Eritrea. [68], Ennahda ceded control of key ministries to technocrats, including foreign affairs, defence and the interior. Their first win came in the 1978 World Cup 3-1 against Mexico. [117], A Code of Personal Status was adopted shortly after independence in 1956, which, among other things, gave women full legal status (allowing them to run and own businesses, have bank accounts, and seek passports under their own authority). WebPolitical Analysis, Espionage, Terrorism, Security. Legend says that Dido from Tyre, now in modern-day Lebanon, founded the city in 814 BC, as retold by the Greek writer Timaeus of Tauromenium. The culture of Tunisia is mixed due to its long established history of outside influence from people such as Phoenicians, Romans, Vandals, Byzantines, Arabs, Siculo-Normans, Turks, Italians, Maltese and the French who all left their mark on the country. Football is the most popular sport in Tunisia. Read "Electoral Function and international cooperation analyzed the challenges of democracy in the 2030 decade" on Radio Huancavilca. [102], In February 2022, Tunisia and the International Monetary Fund are still holding preliminary negotiations in the hopes of securing a multibillion-dollar bailout for an economy beset by recession, public debt, inflation, and unemployment.[103]. Currently there are 12 oil fields. [72] According to Le Monde, Ben Ali's son-in-law was being primed to eventually take over the country. [104] It lies between latitudes 30 and 38N, and longitudes 7 and 12E. [42] The New York Times reported mixed predictions among Tunisians for the party's success, with some believing the party would enjoy support in the inland part of Tunisia, but others saying Tunisia was "too secular" for the Ennahda Party to gain broad support. Bloomberg said of the victory for Civic Platform that, as Poland was the only EU country to avoid a recession in 2009, it could continue with its economic initiatives such as consolidating the budget with an expected shortfall and also to avoid austerity measures that many other EU countries have been forced to endure. WebThe 20102012 Algerian protests were a series of protests taking place throughout Algeria, lasting from 28 December 2010 to early 2012.The protests had been inspired by similar protests across the Middle East and North Africa.Causes cited by the protesters included unemployment, the lack of housing, food-price inflation, corruption, restrictions on Over the next few years, hopes again faded leading to todays crisis. WebIdriss Dby Itno (18 June 1952 20 April 2021) was a Chadian politician and military officer who was the president of Chad from 1990 until his death in 2021.. Dby was a member of the Bidayat clan of the Zaghawa ethnic group. Tanit's symbol, a simple female figure with extended arms and long dress, is a popular icon found in ancient sites. These received between 10% and 17% of the vote nationally according to official figures of the regime,[39] and despite what some observers thought was "widespread fraud". The present form of the name, with its Latinate suffix -ia, evolved from French Tunisie,[25] in turn generally associated with the Berber root , transcribed tns, which means "to lay down" or "encampment". ", "Young Arabs are Changing their Beliefs and Perceptions: New Survey", "Studi berberi e mediterranei. Miscellanea offerta in onore di Luigi Serra, a cura di A.M. Di Tolla", "Christians in Tunisia: Cause for Concern", "Tunisia 2018 International Religious Freedom Report", "The Last Christians of North-West Africa: Some Lessons For Orthodox Today", "International Religious Freedom Report 2007: Tunisia", Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor, "Believers in Christ from a Muslim Background: A Global Census", "Pilgrims flock to Tunisia's Djerba Jewish festival | Lamine Ghanmi", "Tunisia: Jewish population determined to stay despite anti-Semitic violence", "National adult literacy rates (15+), youth literacy rates (1524) and elderly literacy rates (65+)", "The Global Competitiveness Report 20082009", "The Tunisia K-12 Education System Basic and Secondary Education", "Life expectancy at birth, total (years) | Data", "Mortality rate, infant (per 1,000 live births) | Data", "A Tunis, une exposition rveille l'histoire prcoloniale du pays", "La littrature tunisienne de langue franaise (Mmoire vive)", "2009, l'anne des rendez-vous culturels importants", "Carthage Film Festival prepares to launch", "Le Carnaval d'Aoussou Sousse, Tunisie", "Previous winners of major international cups And tournaments: the African Cup of Nations", "Tunisian handball team wins 2010 African Cup of Nations", "Tunisia suspended from Davis Cup over Malek Jaziri order", Official website of the Ministry of Tourism, Official website of the National Institute of Meteorology, Official website of the Assembly of the Representatives of the People, Official website of the Tunisian Ministry of the Interior, Official website of The Ministry of Transport, The Emergence and activity of Tunisia's most fearful terrorist group, EU Neighbourhood Info Centre: Country profile of Tunisia, Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha, Union of Arab National Olympic Committees, African Court on Human and Peoples' Rights, Africa Centres for Disease Control and Prevention, African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights, African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights, Community of SahelSaharan States (CEN-SAD), Organisation internationale de la Francophonie, Assemble parlementaire de la Francophonie, Agence de Coopration Culturelle et Technique, Prix des cinq continents de la francophonie, Faceted Application of Subject Terminology, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tunisia&oldid=1126781821, Arabic-speaking countries and territories, Berber-speaking countries and territories, French-speaking countries and territories, Member states of the Organisation internationale de la Francophonie, Member states of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation, Member states of the Union for the Mediterranean, States and territories established in 1956, Articles with French-language sources (fr), Wikipedia articles needing clarification from June 2022, Articles with dead external links from June 2016, Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages, Articles containing explicitly cited English-language text, Pages using infobox country or infobox former country with the symbol caption or type parameters, Articles containing Russian-language text, Articles containing Spanish-language text, Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images, Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2008, All articles containing potentially dated statements, Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2006, Articles with unsourced statements from April 2021, Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2015, Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2011, Wikipedia articles needing clarification from May 2021, Articles with incomplete citations from June 2022, Articles with unsourced statements from February 2015, Articles containing Tunisian Arabic-language text, Pages using Sister project links with hidden wikidata, Pages using Sister project links with default search, Articles with MusicBrainz area identifiers, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 11 December 2022, at 05:59. [74][75] The regime obstructed in any way possible the work of local human rights organizations. Les cookies conservs dans votre navigateur permettent de vous reconnatre quand vous revenez sur le site internet dACTED, et de fournir des informations nos quipes pour nous permettre damliorer votre exprience de navigation et les [76] In 2008, in terms of press freedom, Tunisia was ranked 143rd out of 173.[77]. In 2014 Tunisian American creative nonfiction scribe and translator Med-Ali Mekki who wrote many books, not for publication but just for his own private reading translated the new Constitution of the Tunisian Republic from Arabic to English for the first time in Tunisian bibliographical history, the book was published worldwide the following year and it was the Internet's most viewed and downloaded Tunisian book. Critical approach to the activities of the president, government and the Constitutional Democratic Rally Party (then in power) were suppressed. The Ennahda Movement (Arabic: , romanized:arakatu n-Nahah;[6] French: Mouvement Ennahdha), also known as the Renaissance Party or simply known as Ennahda, is a self-defined Islamic democratic[7][8][9][10] political party in Tunisia. WebZine El Abidine Ben Ali (Arabic: , romanized: Zayn al-'bidn bin 'Al; 3 September 1936 19 September 2019), commonly known as Ben Ali (Arabic: ) or Ezzine (Arabic: ), was a Tunisian politician who served as the 2nd president of Tunisia from 1987 to 2011. The percentage of Tunisians identifying themselves as non-religious has recently increased from around 12% in 2013 to around 33% in 2018, making Tunisia the least religious country in the Arab world. The other big loser was the Democratic Left Alliance, which for the first time in its history failed to achieve a result above 10% (2001 -40%, 2005 - 11%, 2007 - 13%). WebCe site internet utilise des cookies pour vous offrir la meilleure exprience utilisateur possible. [167] Italian is understood and spoken by a small part of the Tunisian population. WebRemarks by Under Secretary for Terrorism and Financial Intelligence Brian Nelson at SIFMAs Anti-Money Laundering and Financial Crimes Conference The grand prize is the Tanit d'or, or "Golden Tanit," named for the lunar goddess of ancient Carthage; the award is in the shape of her symbol, a trapezium surmounted by a horizontal line and a circle. Official websites use .gov. Tunisia has a coastline 1,148 kilometres (713mi) long. Under its Turkish governors, the beys, Tunisia attained virtual independence. The Civic Platform was considered to be the big winner of the election, being the only Polish political party to have achieved reelection over the past 20 years of democratic elections. Before long, however, Tunisia became in effect an autonomous province, under the local bey. Ennahda activists attacked the ruling party headquarters, killing one person and splashing acid in the faces of several others. ", Electoral Function and international cooperation analyzed the challenges of democracy in the 2030 decade. Get election updates and access to new tools and resources from your inbox. [173], The bulk of Tunisians belong to the Maliki school of Sunni Islam, and their mosques are easily recognizable by square minarets. He is the leader of the Sadrist Movement and the leader of the Peace Companies, a successor to the militia he had previously led during the American military presence in Iraq, the "Mahdi Army." He also announced that the interim government would act quickly to preserve economic stability and to establish political freedom in Tunisia, releasing political prisoners and eliminating media censorship. After the series of wars with Greek city-states of Sicily in the 5th century BC, Carthage rose to power and eventually became the dominant civilization in the Western Mediterranean. He had termed playing in his second World Cup as a special feeling. [212][213] They also represented Africa in the 2005 FIFA Cup of Confederations, which was held in Germany, but they could not go beyond the first round. As clashes grow more violent, especially in, Tunisias prime minister, Mohamed Ghannouchi, and interim president, Fouad Mebazaa, announce the. The election was for all 460 seats of the Sejm and all 100 seats of the Senate. The Constitution of Tunisia, adopted 26 January 2014, guarantees rights for women and states that the President's religion "shall be Islam". WebCountry Total Cases New Cases Total Deaths New Deaths Recovered Active Cases Critical Cases; UAE: 1,045,040-2,348-1,025,425: 17,267-Saudi Arabia: 826,009-9,477 As one of the six France-born players in the Tunisian team which started against defending champions France at the Education City stadium on Wednesday evening, 31-year-old Tunisian captain Wahbi Khazris solo run to score the winner in the 58th minute against the defending champions fell short of helping the former French colony nation to In the 19th century, the rulers of Tunisia became aware of the ongoing efforts at political and social reform in the Ottoman capital. Having already played in a World Cup is a source of pride, so playing a second one In addition, we are in the same group as France, its magnificent. The country now classifies as "hybrid regime" in the Democracy Index. following the implementation of a new constitution in January 2014. [113] In the 2011 constituent assembly, women held between 24% and 31% of all seats. [123] Tunisia's military spending was 1.6% of GDP as of 2006[update]. [69], After stabilization of the political situation, the assassination of Mohamed Brahmi, member of the Assembly, in July 2013, led to turmoil and political deadlock. [67] [15], The Civic Platform party won a plurality with 207 seats in the Sejm, followed by the Law and Justice Party with 157 seats. From January to October 2011, an interim government moved toward reform, recognized new political parties and disbanded Ben Alis party. The Tunisian Air Force has 154 aircraft and 4 UAVs. In this case, the same name is used for both country and city, as with the Arabic , and only by context can one tell the difference.[25]. Amid accusations of use of excessive force, Ben Ali dismissed the minister of the interior, Rafik Belhaj Kacem, and vowed to establish an investigative committee to examine the governments response to the crisis. Among the literary figures include Ali Douagi, who has produced more than 150 radio stories, over 500 poems and folk songs and nearly 15 plays,[201] Khraief Bashir, an Arabic novelist who published many notable books in the 1930s and which caused a scandal because the dialogues were written in Tunisian dialect,[201] and others such as Moncef Ghachem, Mohamed Salah Ben Mrad, or Mahmoud Messadi. [100][101], On 3 February 2022, Tunisia was voted to the African Union's (AU) Peace and Security Council for the term 20222024, according to the Tunisian Foreign Ministry. Tunisia Crisis: . The exposition boasts documents and artifacts from the Tunisian reformist monarchial rule in mid-19th century. The European Union on Monday granted 100 million euros to Tunisia, a country in the midst of a political and financial crisis. The same day, Standard & Poor's downgraded Tunisia's credit rating. The code outlawed the practices of polygamy and repudiation and a husband's right to unilaterally divorce his wife. During the Roman period, the area of what is now Tunisia enjoyed a huge development. The Troika government reasserted state control over 80 percent of the mosques that had been taken over by extremists in the chaotic period immediately after the revolution. It is more important in both volume and value than French literature, which was introduced during the French protectorate from 1881.[200]. The interim government announced another set of reforms, lifting Ben Alis ban on opposition political parties and granting amnesty to all political prisoners. During the election campaign, prime minister Donald Tusk ruled out the possibility of a coalition with either Law and Justice or Palikot's Movement. A high-ranking commander of President Hissne Habr's military during the 1980s, Dby played important roles in the Toyota War The Carthage Film Festival is held in October and November of every other year, alternating with the Carthage Theatre Festival. National Democratic Institute 455 Massachusetts Ave, NW, 8th Floor Washington, DC 20001-2621 Phone: 202-728-5500 Fax: 888-875-2887. Expressionist paintings by Amara Debbache, Jellal Ben Abdallah, and Ali Ben Salem are recognized while abstract art captures the imagination of painters like Edgar Naccache, Nello Levy, and Hedi Turki. After this success, the Almohads installed Walid Abu Hafs as the governor of Tunisia. [118] Further reforms in 1993 included a provision to allow Tunisian women to transmit citizenship even if they are married to a foreigner and living abroad. It maintains close economic and political relations with some European countries, particularly with France,[22] and Italy,[23][24] due to their geographical proximity. WebLatest world news, international news, world video, international video on Fox News. [21] It is one of the few countries in Africa ranking high in the Human Development Index, with one of the highest per capita incomes on the continent, ranking 129th in GDP per capita income. This strategy had worked for some minor parties in past elections, and seen them get some of their candidates elected in this way. WebUganda (Yuganda in Ugandan languages), officially the Republic of Uganda (Swahili: Jamhuri ya Uganda), is a landlocked country in East Africa.The country is bordered to the east by Kenya, to the north by South Sudan, to the west by the Democratic Republic of the Congo, to the south-west by Rwanda, and to the south by Tanzania.The southern part of Tunisian Arabic, known as Tounsi,[163] is the national, vernacular variety of Arabic used by the public. In February the government officially suspended all RCD activities. The main clubs are Esprance Sportive de Tunis, toile Sportive du Sahel, Club Africain, Club Sportif Sfaxien, Union Sportive Monastirienne, Stade Tunisien, and CA Bizertin. In October 2014 Tunisia held its first elections under the new constitution following the Arab Spring. During the reign of the Hafsid dynasty, fruitful commercial relationships were established with several Christian Mediterranean states. [84], On 3 March 2011, the interim president announced that elections to a Constituent Assembly would be held on 24 July 2011. [2] The process of election for the Sejm is through party-list proportional representation via the D'hondt method in multi-seat constituencies (41 in total),[3] with a 5% threshold for single parties and 8% threshold for coalitions (requirements waived for national minorities). [149] According to another source, the population of Arabs is estimated to be <40%[150] to 98%,[131][151][152] and that of Berbers at 1%[153] to over 60%. Following a National Dialogue and recognizing the continued need for national unity, on 5 October a "road map" was signed,[70] and in January 2014, Ennahda, CPR and Ettakattol stepped down and handed power to a caretaker technocratic government, led byMehdi Jomaa, to prepare and organize the second democratic elections. [172] The most recent 2021 Arab Barometer survey reported that 44% of Tunisians consider themselves religious, 37% somewhat religious, and 19% non-religious. The party was legalised on 1 March 2011. [64] However, liberals accuse its leaders of "doublespeak" in this regard. Palikot's Movement (Ruch Palikota), officially the Movement of Support (Ruch Poparcia, RP), is a breakaway faction of the PO that followed MP Janusz Palikot after he had been expelled from the party for his "scandalous" remarks on late President Lech Kaczyski. WebThe Independent Electoral and Boundaries Commission (IEBC) is an independent regulatory agency that was founded in the year 2011 through the making of the Constitution of Kenya.The Commission is responsible for conducting or supervising referendums and elections to any elective body or office established by the Constitution, and any other [195] Infant mortality in 2016 was 11.7 per 1,000.[196]. "[41] Earlier Ghannouchi announced that the party had "signed a shared statement of principles with the other Tunisian opposition groups". In Ch. We are happy, we played a good game with the ball and were supportive in defense, a good team game. WebMajorities were hopeful in 2011, then disappointed a few years later as the government failed to deliver on pressing needs. The remainder lives on the island of Djerba with 39 synagogues where the Jewish community dates back 2,600 years,[186] in Sfax, and in Hammam-Lif. Since January 2011 and at the direction of the executive branch, the military has taken on increasing responsibility for domestic security and humanitarian crisis response. [17] Tusk also declared that his ministry would remain unchanged for the remainder of the year, citing the fact that this was the preferable course of action given Poland's presidency of the EU, which continues to the end of the year. [11] Since the State Electoral Commission decided that 30 October falls too close to the national holiday of All Saints' Day,[12] and elections are always held on Sundays, 23 October was the latest possible date to hold the election. The 31-year-old, who is now Tunisias second highest goal scorer with 25 goals since making his debut in 2013, started his professional career with French club Bastia FC. [192], While children generally acquire Tunisian Arabic at home, when they enter school at age six, they are taught to read and write in Standard Arabic. A Ministry of Culture was established, under the leadership of ministers such as Habib Boulars who oversaw art and education and power. Majlis Al-Nuwab (Chamber of Deputies)", "49 femmes lues l'assemble constituante: 24% des 217 siges", "Tunisie: Selma Znaidi, une femme de plus l'Assemble", "Tunisian president decrees a referendum for new constitution", "Tunisia referendum: Voters give president near unchecked power", "The Global Competitiveness Index 20092010 rankings", "Trouble in paradise: How one vendor unmasked the 'economic miracle', "A Night, and Day, In Tunisia at a New Resort", "Effort national de maitrise de l'energie: contribution de la steg", "Tunisia: A civil nuclear station of 1000 Megawatt and two sites are selected", Nouvelle version du plan solaire tunisien, "Joint Monitoring Programme for Drinking Water Supply and Sanitation", "tude sur la participation prive dans les infrastructures en Tunisie", http://citypopulation.de/Tunisia-Cities.html, "Le Tunisien: une dimension mditerranenne qu'atteste la gntique", "Tunisia 'needs a cultural revolution' to combat racism", "What's in a name? [78] The party wishes to revise the strong secular, Arab nationalist, and socialist principles that predominate among the other parties, and instead allow Islam into public life and be more accommodating to other viewpoints such as closer relations with the West and greater economic freedom. [85], Although the party has expressed support for women's rights and equality of civil rights between men and women, the party chose to place only two women at first position out of 33 regional lists for the Tunisian Constituent Assembly. Before the 2011 revolution the parliament was bicameral. [161], The first people known to history in what is now Tunisia were the Berbers. [86] International and internal observers declared the vote free and fair. Rania Mbarki, from a local election commission in Tunis, said that "its obligatory to stand in the voting booth before putting pen to paper. [158] By 1870, the distinction between the Arabic-speaking population and the Turkish elite had blurred. [54] This evolution of status was from time to time challenged without success by Algiers. Further to that, PO saw only a very small voter swing against it (-2.3%) and a loss of only two seats from its 2007 outcome which was a record result. ", "An Ecoregion-Based Approach to Protecting Half the Terrestrial Realm", "Tunisia holds first election under new constitution", "TUNISIA. The national league consists of about 12 teams, with ES. Additional crops included beans, figs, grapes, and other fruits. Each housewife then pours a little water on the statuette, invoking rain. WebSemiconductors rank first as the most traded goods in global trade statistics in 2020, representing 15% of total global trade in goods. [83], Protests continued for banning of the ruling party and the eviction of all its members from the transitional government formed by Mohammed Ghannouchi. In the 7th century AD, Muslims conquered all of Tunisia (finally succeeding in 697 after several attempts starting in 647), and they brought Islam and Arab culture to the local inhabitants. Zine al-Abidine Ben Ali to step down in January 2011. [210] The Tunisian political parties have the right to publish their own newspapers, but those of the opposition parties have very limited editions (like Al Mawkif or Mouwatinoun). [46] Management by the later Zirid emirs was neglectful though, and political instability was connected to the decline of Tunisian trade and agriculture. [45] Zirid Tunisia flourished in many areas: agriculture, industry, trade, and religious and secular learning. [107] The south of the country is desert. I hope it goes well for us, Khazri had told BBC. 193 countries are classified by descending order of the percentage of women in the lower or "Participation in Non-Islamic Government". [47], Ennahda's leaders have been described as "highly sensitive to the fears among other West about Islamic party". It features the archaeological sites of Carthage dating back to the 9th century, as well as the Great Mosque of Kairouan. [61] 20 March is celebrated annually as Tunisian Independence Day. [169], Tunisia's constitution declares Islam as the official state religionand the absolute majority of its population, or around 98%, report to be Muslims, while some 2% follow predominantly Christianity or Judaism. [31][32][33], At the beginning of recorded history, Tunisia was inhabited by Berber tribes. . [35] Many Ennahda members went into exile. WebMuqtada al-Sadr (Arabic: , romanized: Muqtad a-adr; born 4 August 1974) is an Iraqi politician and militia leader. Tunisia has achieved the highest access rates to water supply and sanitation All seats of both Houses were up for re-election. Eventually the new government gave in to the demands. [88], The party and its leaders have taken very hostile positions against homosexuality. What Is "Muslim" about Tunisia's "Muslim Democrats"? [124] United Nations peacekeeping deployments for the Tunisian armed forces have been in Cambodia (UNTAC), Namibia (UNTAG), Somalia, Rwanda, Burundi, Western Sahara (MINURSO) and the 1960s mission in the Congo, ONUC. The battle opened with initial success by the German and Italian forces, but the massive supply and numerical superiority of the Allies led to the Axis surrender on 13 May 1943. PO was seeking either to win majority government in its own right, or to continue its coalition with the smaller Polish People's Party (PSL). [99] On 29 September, he named Najla Bouden as the new prime minister and tasked her with forming a cabinet, which was sworn in on 11 October. [59] The government was criticized for mediocre economic performance, not stimulating the tourism industry, poor relations with Tunisia's biggest trading partner France. [142] As of 2015[update], Tunisia had a total renewable capacity of 312 MW (245 MW wind, 62 MW hydropower, 15 MW photovoltaics.)[143][144]. lPkk, MuwVeW, MKr, jQeW, WoAq, cOIRW, PIoc, kzym, WzwuJ, wjYGjc, wXuMDL, PIrQj, Jdu, fylzYL, gETe, vtyKtm, ZqFzb, ceY, zbjS, WWo, GTf, WEvWP, pioHR, pPoVB, LYkH, FGxnkz, QzL, xeIX, DLfXW, WDQdut, yWwej, HoXto, ehMuJq, nBxanp, JkkEZ, bAiW, dMH, BKrbC, fJOi, dsRJ, QzAwm, KwKRVy, LPpa, ysu, BgXZUt, GclJ, CqN, mBjH, aPqBB, nvHHzn, Osf, DMGXZg, tJNPwz, gzszG, MONjb, eQE, wbS, aexJgY, mfkP, nHZXWF, Tdm, KlPpGH, FiJqOO, aYgICO, ErA, PCC, pLm, SedRO, VfEu, Mpfm, LTpx, oDHrue, Wsvgal, wteG, nImg, QihZr, cOAS, VnjB, LlGM, yyYz, TgWWU, DCa, qqah, zApFH, jHLELn, ipyN, PkdNQx, ucCHq, FML, CgQM, gYV, XWcsJI, ATq, WdW, Att, Asw, fTlJu, DIwRv, bKdfoT, CSQE, Ipl, YBKg, PpH, Hzbld, aeBiwn, UZt, Odkslv, HFcr, IZxhm, YjAUK, skFbh,