cutting tungsten carbide

Areas of Specialization: Cutting Tools Machine Tools It is a very Something went wrong. Accordingly, we classify the carbide inserts as per function to be turning insert,milling insert and threading insert. This is carbide's only Achilles' heelwhere cobalt will flex a fair amount in the face of radial cutting forces, carbide will in . Inspect the geometry shape and the size of, flute. 12 Inch Miter Saw Blade Reviews: for Diy or Professional Craftsman MrCutter.com, Everything You Should Know About Reverse Circulation Drilling - BG Drilling. Matters Needing Attention when Using Cemented Carbide Drill Bits, The Processing Technology of Carbide Cutting Tools, Precautions for Choosing Carbide Cutting Tools, Research Status of Materials of Carbide Cutting Tools, How to Choose Cemented Alloy or Carbide Alloy Strips. How Much Do You Know about the Wide Application of Tungsten Carbide Cutter Material? [emailprotected], Meetyou Carbide 2019-2022 All rights reserved. If you do not have a pair at home, you can go to any hardware store or make at trip to an emergency room. Then, the fine tungsten oxide is carburized into tungsten carbide. Press. The tool To remove a tungsten carbide ring in case of emergency, all you need is a pair of vice grip pliers, most paramedic or emergency response should be equipped with one of these. Different manufacturers use different layers. A series of sieves sort outdifferent particle sizes: less than 1 micron, 1.5 micron, etc. please let me know the proccese for tungsutan coating or what type of coating required for This tungsten and carbon compound has completely changed the world of metal cutting in the past few decades, increasing speed and feed rate and prolonging tool life. Tungsten Carbide Uses Besides, it can be used to manufacture cutting tools, wear-resistant parts, smelting crucibles for metals such as copper, cobalt, bismuth, and wear-resistant semiconductor films. Make formula tungsten carbide powder by spray dry tower. Cleveland Internships Do You Have Tungsten Metal Scraps That You Want to Sell to a Supplier? For turning applications, the coating is often in the range of 8-20 microns. Cut a soft wooden lapping stick until it just fits the exit angle. To further reduce the cost of a solid carbide blade, many customers choose a carbide braze. Your email address will not be published. 4. The Carbide Cutter Makes the Entire Production Process Faster, How to Correctly Choose the Coating of Carbide Cutting Tools, Precautions for Using Cnc Carbide End Mill. Carbide or carbide tipped cutting tools are more efficient compared to high speed because they retain their cutting edge hardness at high machining temperatures. Shanghai International Cemented Carbides Exhibition & Conference, Betalent Tungsten Carbide Cutting Tools Warehouse, Betalent End mill Walter 5axises Grinding Machine With Robot Hand, ISO Classification Of Six Categories Of Metals, Coating of Cemented Carbide Insert Grades, Requirements for Processing Carbide Inserts for Stainless Steel, Production Process of Cemented Carbide Blade, Application of Tungsten Steel Milling Cutter, Factors Affecting the Cutting Force of Cemented Carbide End Mills, Wearing Characteristics of Carbide Drill Bits for Glass, Advantages of Carbide Drill Bits for Steel, Application of Carbide Bit in Carbon Fiber Processing. 3. Other materials such as titanium carbide, tantalum carbide and niobium carbide are added to improve the properties of the material during cutting. Cutting Tungsten Carbide - Manufacturers, Suppliers, Factory from China We normally think and practice corresponding on the change of circumstance, and grow up. Others have used widely graded diamond powder mixed with oil. This typically happens in a spray dryer, which looks like a stainless steel silo. Both types are applied in furnaces. Machine the end mill as per drawing in 5-axis WALTER or ROLLOMATIC grinding machines. carbide drilling bits and its re-sharpning. Con: Difficult to Sharpen While carbide wears longer than other materials, once it becomes dull it can be very difficult to sharpen solid carbide or brazed carbide edges. The term drill-bit tip infers that they are either fixed or brazed at the edge of another material. Tungsten carbide cutting tools have several advantages, including: A long-lasting cutting edge. These PVD coatings are very suitable for cutting high temperature, nickel based, cobalt based or titanium based materials, and sometimes steel and stainless steel. For turning applications, the coatings tend to be in the range of 820 microns. Cutting tools. They are removed from the molds and placed on graphite or molybdenum trays, and go into a sintering furnace where they are heated in a low-pressure hydrogen atmosphere to 1100-1300 C (about 2000- 2400 F). Covering an area of 10 acres, it is located in Bancang Industrial zone, Zigong, Sichuan province of China which has been awarded as the national industrial park in 2011. The furnace is drawn down to a vacuum. The metal is vaporized by either an electric arc or an electron beam, liberating the positively charged metal ions. In order to apply CVD coating, the parts are placed on pallets and sealed in the furnace. Free shipping. Todays Machining World Archive: October 2006, Vol. With the right machine and the right tooling,. When all the liquid is removed, the remaining dry material is grade powder, which looks like sand. By continuously improving the design of tungsten carbide tools and developing better and better coating technology, tool manufacturers are coping with the pressure of increasing feed rate and speed, as well as the need to prolong tool life and reduce cost. The powder is compressed into the molds, in a process similar to how pharmaceutical tablets are formed. A chemical reaction occurs, depositing the layer of coating on the inserts. This tungsten and carbon compound has completely changed the world of metal cutting in the past few decades, increasing speed and feed rate and prolonging tool life. Meetyou Carbide 2019-2022 All rights reserved. The hardness of work piece is the most important factor for selecting the end mills, standard end mills can be classified for HRC 45degree, 50deg.,55 deg. They are likely to range in size from half a micron, to as large as 10 microns. External Turning Cutter Indexable Inserts Carbide Milling Tips YC330 YC331 YC332 . Contact Betalent carbide for professional information in these areas. $19.75. This is a typical scheme, which consists of three layers. The tungsten carbide particles are a fraction of the size of a grain of sand. Without these additives, when cutting ferrous materials, the tungsten carbide tool may experience a chemical reaction between the tool and the chips of the work piece that leaves craters in the tool, especially at high cutting speeds. 2. Tungsten carbide was first studied as a tool material in 1925. Tungsten carbide, commonly referred to as carbide, is a common material in shops. A piece of titanium, or titanium and aluminum is installed on the wall or floor of the furnace. The 1/8 In. All these ingredients are blended with a liquid such as alcohol or hexane and placed in a mixing vessel, often a rotating drum called a ball mill. Carbide is the leading source of carbide blanks & carbide preforms for manufacturing cutting tools. When all the liquid is removed, the remaining dry material is grade powder, which looks like sand. If it is coming out of the ground at a loss ( not making money ), it is not an ore. 2. In the past, die shop operators have lapped with silicon carbide and boron carbide. We have placed experienced professionals in all aspects of this industry across the globe. Carbide Rotary Burrs, often referred to as rotary files or die grinder bits are used for cutting, shaping, and grinding, and for the removal of sharp edges, burrs and excess material (deburring).. For use on both hardened steel and stainless steel. 10*Round Carbide Tips Insert Blades Chisel Cutter-Wood Turning Lathe Holder-Tool. Most, but not all, CVD coatings are made up of multiple layers, usually three distinct layers. They produce small chips and give excellent control of the burr and grinder. One recurrent customer question across all of the industries we serve is how to get better performance and life out of industrial machines knives and blades. However, it lacks sufficient toughness, which is an essential property for cutting tools. When it comes to industrial knives and blades, material selection matters. This other material is often lacking is as much strength as Tungsten carbide. Honing to a radius of 0.001 is typical, though some parts receive a cutting-edge radius of half a thousandth or as large as 0.002, and some are left dead sharp, as sintered. Tungsten carbide (WC) itself has a very high hardness (beyond corundum or alumina) and its hardness is rarely reduced as the operating temperature increases. The process for manufacturing blanks for solid carbide tools is very similar. Later GE opened the Carboloy division to produce tungsten carbide cutting tools. Abrading Tools, Construction Equipment, and Applications for Extended Life & Increased Cutting. A high temperature resistant epoxy is used to hold the carbide teeth in place. Carbide grades BT45 to BT60 are applied in this machining area, and the different coating is applied for different hardness wood. In addition to the grade ingredients, cemented balls 1/4 to 5/8 in diameter are added, to help the process of adhering the cobalt to the carbide grains. SL-42, 1/8" Cut Diam, 1/8" Shank Diam, Tungsten Carbide Double Cut 14 Taper Burr Your Price: $13.57 Qty Add to Cart Double cut burrs are designed with right and left hand flutes combined to produce smooth and fine finishes. Required fields are marked *. Corrosion-Resistant Tungsten Carbide Die | Best Cutting Die CALL US +1 (847) 675 - 5522 EMAIL US info@bestcuttingdie.com OFFICE HOURS: MON-FRI 7:00 AM-6:00 PM CST 8080 McCormick Blvd. Tungsten Carbide (WC) one of the most widely used Cutting Tool Material in modern machine shops. After a quality control check, the inserts are usually ground or honed to achieve the correct dimensions and cutting edge. 3. Pingback: 12 Inch Miter Saw Blade Reviews: for Diy or Professional Craftsman MrCutter.com, Pingback: Everything You Should Know About Reverse Circulation Drilling - BG Drilling. 4210 Doyle Dr. Lewiston, MI 49756. milling, special aluminum milling, and stainless steel milling end mills. Carbide is used for many other applications including tipping trekking or ski poles as well as cleats, the manufacture of fishing weights, and many cutting and pulverizing mechanisms for recycling machines. Rotary tool accessory for shaping, smoothing and material removal. Read More. Second, once you have your tool close the jaw of the wrench around the tungsten ring. 2. The aluminum oxide provides thermal protection, keeping heat out of the body of the insert, important for high speed applications. Its atomic number is 74 and its average atomic mass is 183.85. About Cutting Tungsten Rings Off Visual Rings Width Guide For Men & Women Holiday Gift Guide +1-888-602-6862 Monday to Friday 9am to 5pm PST chat email call Visit Showroom Sign in Find your Size Deals of the month Track my order If you want to score or cut off tungsten carbide rods effectively, the following 4 ways may work out, which are abrasion wheel grinding, machining by super hard materia l, electrolytic. It consists of fine particles of carbide cemented by mixing with a binder metal such as: Cobalt, Titanium, Tantalum & other elements to confer specific properties. In this video, made in cooperation with our tooling partner DTS GmbH, we show what is possible with hard turning when machining tungsten carbide. Then, the fine particles of tungsten oxide are carburized, turning them into tungsten carbide. Those destined for cutting ferrous metals, high temperature alloys or titanium, will need to be coated. Additional information provided by the web sites of the following organizations: the American Chemical Societys Chemical & Engineering News, American Machinist magazine, International Tungsten Industry Association, Kennametal and Seco-Carboloy. 4. 1. This coating is golden and edge wear is easily observed. Turning/Boring Tungsten Positive rake carbide tooling is recommended. 2. They're somewhat similar to files, except that rather than cutting with a linear motion, they cut with a rotary motion, rotating at high speeds to cut and finish metal workpieces. There's no question that the cost of carbide knives and blades is higher per item than some other options. These are easy-to-find tools that most home tool kits have. Carbide water jet cutting nozzles,water spray nozzles use an ultra high power water jet with an added abrasive agent to cut materials with pinpoint accuracy. Heatingthe mixture to 1200 C2200 F) Above, a chemical reaction occurs to remove oxygen from the oxide and combine carbon with tungsten to form tungsten carbide. Tungsten carbide was fi rst investigated as a cutting tool material in 1925, by Dr. Samuel Hoyt, a scientist at General Electrics Lamp Department. What Are the Causes of Wear of Tungsten Steel Tool Materials? It can also withstand higher temperatures and therefore faster cutting speeds than steel. . According to the International Tungsten Industry Association, the majority of tungsten reserves are in China, and currently about 80 percent of tungsten is mined there. $19.58. The Difference Between the Cemented Alloy and Carbide Alloy. 9901 - 1/8" Tungsten Carbide Carving Bit (x1) Order number. Four Advantages of the China Carbide Insert. Tungsten carbide maintains a sharp cutting edge longer than steel, produces a better finish, and can cut harder materials. Further, the ore coming out of the ground contains the mineral wolframite amongst others. It's true. The main component is WC and Co. 6. 0080596099015. You might need to loosen and tighten the wrench or pliers multiple times to get this done. Composite Tungsten Brazing Rods Available: (Flux Coated or Bare) Heavy Brazing Rods: (28 Rods =25lbs) 70% Grit in 4x6 or 3x4: 1/2"x1/2: 18" Long: Medium . Wolframite is the most famous. In one method, the tungsten oxide is mixed with graphite (carbon). Select qualified ground cut-to-length carbide rod. 2. Here are the three easy steps to remove a tungsten ring from your finger. This compound of tungsten and carbon has revolutionized the metal-cutting world over the decades, enabling increased speeds and feeds and providing longer tool life. While tungsten rings cannot be cut off, they can be cracked off. Contents hide 1 Cut carbide blank by wheel grinding 2 Cut carbide by milling and turning 2.1 a.ECM 2.2 b.EDM What Are the Basic Requirements for Tungsten Carbide Cutter Materials? Install a piece of titanium or titanium and aluminum on the wall or floor of the furnace. At this point, tungsten carbide is ready to be mixed into grade powder. Xiamen Betalent Carbide Co.,Ltd, Hot Heading Carbide Grade, Big Size Bolt Heading Die Grade BH35. Tool manufacturers are meeting the pressures for ever increasing feeds and speeds, and the need for longer tool life and lower costs, by continually improving the designs of tungsten carbide cutting tools and developing better and better coating technologies. A ball mill may be as small as five inches in diameter by five inches long, or as large as a 55-gallon drum. Toughness expresses the ability to sustain shocks, suddenly applied and relieved loads, or major impacts, without breaking. Carbide or carbide tipped cutting tools are more efficient compared to high speed because they retain their cutting edge hardness at high machining temperatures. When the mixing is complete, the liquid must be removed. A ring cracker can be purchased online and is a great tool that many jewelers might have in their shop. The main applications are milling, turning and bore machining, which account for around two thirds of worldwide sales of tungsten carbide. TCT hole saws drill through wood, MDF, fiber cement board, porous concrete block, ceramic wall tile, plastic/PVS and more. The following 4 ways may work out, which are abrasion wheel grinding, machining by superhard material, electrolytic machining (ECM), and electric discharge machining (EDM). Cutting Tools & Tungsten Carbide Industry Overview Davalyn Corporation is proud to be one of the only recruiting firms with a recruiting staff devoted entirely to the Machine and Cutting Tool industry. In one method, tungsten oxide is mixed with graphite (carbon). Step 1: Choose the shape of Carbide Burr that will do the job. Come out the hard insert blank. Tungsten carbide is one of the hardest metals. What Should Be Paid Attention to When Adopting Cemented Carbide Material. About turning inserts: 3 steps TO MAKE A PERFECT COMBINATION WITH INSERT AND TOOL BAR, How to select appropriate cutting fluid for 9 common metal working methods. It is suitable for machining chilled cast iron, nonferrous metal and its alloy. In this case the ring is usually cut off, but because of its toughness, a tungsten ring cant be cut off. If you experience pain, stop and seek a medical professional. Pack and ship as per order. Tungsten carbide is an alloy of tungsten and carbon, made by heating tungsten powder with carbon and hydrogen at 1,400 - 1,600C (2,550 - 2,900F). Hob blanks The process of brazing involves joining two or more metals together by melting and flowing a filler metal into a joint. 1. The ore is crushed, heated and chemically treatedintotungsten oxide. Tungsten carbide (chemical formula: WC) is a chemical compound (specifically, a carbide) containing equal parts of tungsten and carbon atoms. Sometimes, it's very difficult to tell them apart. What Are the Feasible Methods of Processing Tungsten Steel Materials? The result: tungsten oxide. Such a tungsten carbide blade is produced by powder metallurgy and has the characteristics of durability, high strength, high hardness, high impact resistance, good wear resistance, and high temperature resistance. 4, Precision machining. While carbide wears longer than other materials, once it becomes dull it can be very difficult to sharpen solid carbide or brazed carbide edges. The purchase of industrial machine knives and blades is often driven by price because the decision-maker is unaware of the benefits of using a different and more suitable material. In addition to the grade ingredients, cemented balls 1/4 to 5/8 in diameter are added, to help the process of adhering the cobalt to the carbide grains. So while a tungsten ring cannot be simply cut off, it can be easily removed by cracking the metal and taking the ring off. They can be applied in two ways: by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) or physical vapor deposition (PVD). Tungsten Carbide Cutting Tools Tungsten carbide plays an extremely important role in the machining process because it offers higher wear resistance than high-speed steel, which can withstand higher working temperatures and can be very well optimized to meet the requirements of various processes. When the drilling depth exceeds 3D and reaches 5D or higher, the internal cooling can significantly improve the efficiency and service life. For cutter inserts, the grade powder goes into insert shaped molds specially designed to allow for the shrinkage that will happen later on in the process. Fine blades can be run a high speeds, and courser blades can be run at lower speeds. After that quick answer, we invest the time with our customers to ask the right questions about their cutting operation to learn what's working, what isn't working, and what they want to achieve. How It Works Making Tungsten Carbide Cutting Tools, Ep. Nitrogen and methane are added appropriately to obtain different types of coatings. An inert drying gas, nitrogen or argon, is blown from the bottom up. Carbide cutters for metals including carbide insert, carbide end mill, carbide drills, carbide taps, and carbide blades in various shapes. Selection Of Carbide Indexable Insert Materials For Woodworking. Welcome to H.B. Precision machining. Mail. Tungsten carbide disc cutter is of good wear resistance, small grinding force, low grinding temperature and good quality of processing that are offered with ground or blanks condition.. Tungsten carbide disc cutter is special cutting instrument which utilizes abrasive powders and high speed, vibratory . Common cutting tools for lathe production and manufacture of hardware products including end mills, drills, inserts, turning tool, special-shaped blades, and other accessories, such as round bar, embossing wheel, saw blade, knurled wheel, etc., different manufacturing process needs different cutting tools, Betalent carbide focus on making carbide end mills, carbide drills, carbide tips, carbide industrial blades, and customized irregular shape carbide cutting tools. Type above and press Enter to search. Apply . Use a bi-metal blade when sawing, blade pitch to be relative to the thickness of material. There are 2 types of Tungsten Carbide; Tungsten Carbide for Non-Iron Cuttingsuch as Aluminium, brass, copper, magnesium, and cast iron. These PVD coatings are well-suited to applications cutting high temperature, nickel-based, cobalt-based or titanium-based materials, and sometimes steel and stainless steel. Tungsten carbide is famous for its wear resistance; in fact, it can only be cut using diamond tools. If you do not have a pair at home, you can go to any hardware store or make at trip to an emergency room. Always remember that regardless of what you might use carbide for that you recycle the material appropriately after it has run its course. But, the fact is that materials behave differently in cutting applications. . What is the Difference Between Drilling and Milling? Free Shipping and On- time Delivery. Some types and designs of inserts come out of the sintering furnace in their final shape and in-spec, with the correct edge, and dont need grinding or other operations. In some countries, more than 90% of turning tools and 55% of milling tools are made of cemented carbide, and this trend is increasing. 100% Secure Payment. As per the hardness of work piece, tungsten carbide drill bits, carbide end mills and carbide inserts can be classified to different series, standard size are general application in CNC machines,Betalent keeps large quantity stock of the standard items for a ready to ship fast delivery. These include both indexable insert tools, in which coated carbide inserts are usually mounted on a steel body . The powder compacts are heated to a certain temperature (sintering temperature) and to maintain a certain time, then cool down, to obtain the required properties of materials, this process is called sintering. The inserts are mounted on racks so they are separated from each other. To prolong tool life under challenging cutting conditions, many types and combinations of coatings have been developed. Strong negative charge is applied to the inserts. To apply a CVD coating, the parts are placed on trays and sealed in a furnace. Designed By Ape Digital Marketing Privacy Terms of Use Site Map. Abrasive Tungsten Carbide Cutting Cutting Tooth / Cutting Teeth for Saw Blades. Often, materials with high wear resistance have low toughness. After pressing, the form looks like oversized inserts and is fairly delicate. Use sharp positive rake tooling and avoid dull tools. The size of carbide particles determines the mechanical properties of the final product. Technically speaking, all carbides are a composition of two elements tungsten and a binder material, usually cobalt, in the final mix to provide strength. Tungsten carbide was first studied as a tool material in 1925. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); Tel. After the inserts are removed from the furnace and cooled, they are dense and hard. These ions are attracted by negatively charged inserts. We manufacture and specialize in carbide burr die grinder bits, all made right here in USA. Inserts bound for most non-ferrous applications may be ready to package and ship at this point. When the inserts are removed from the furnace they may be ground again, or directly packaged and shipped. Contact Info. Use this list as a general guide but keep in mind that working with industrial knife and industrial blade experts is the best and safest option for making certain you're using the appropriate material for your cutting application. When the mixing is complete, the liquid must be removed. Federal Carbide Company One Eagle Ridge Road Tyrone, Pennsylvania 16686 USA 814-684-7600 / 800-631-3640 Fax: 814-684-9400 inquiry@federalcarbide.com www.federalcarbide.cominquiry@federalcarbide.com www.federalcarbide.com WC-Co tungsten carbide has a unique advantage in both hardness and toughness. The tungsten carbide rods (also named as cemented carbide rods), are used in making high quality carbide cutting tools for the machining of heat-resistant alloys, such as end mill, drill, reamer. Tungsten carbide, often called simply carbide, is a familiar material around the shop. Select qualified ground cut-to-length carbide rod. Tungsten Carbide Burrs. Established in 1999, Letonnerre Rouge Technicarbure is a professional manufacturer of Tungsten carbide. WhatsApp: +8618188646618 Email: Couples Matching Promise Rings for Boyfriend and Girlfriend, Three Ring necklace | Boyfriend and Girlfriend Matching Necklaces, BF and GF Matching Necklaces | Promise Necklaces for Couples, Love Couple Bracelet | Love Bracelets for Him and Her, Her King His Queen Bracelet | Matching Couple Bracelets ( His length 180mm; Her length 160mm). Barbara Donohue, who wrote this article A 45 rake angle (KAPR) is the recommended cutting angle between the tungsten rod and the edge of the insert. Through the process of sintering, these ingredients are mixed and heated in a furnace at temperatures from 2500 to 2900 F. Therefore, the correct term for this material is tungsten carbide. Click to share on Facebook (Opens in new window), Click to share on Twitter (Opens in new window), Click to share on Pinterest (Opens in new window), Click to share on Tumblr (Opens in new window). Our sales will get in touch with you. Due to its high wear resistance characteristic it is applied in many applications that includes Metal Cutting, Mining, Wear Parts, X-Ray Tubes, Wire Filaments and Metal Forming. Hardness of most metals is below 65HRC, which is within the machining capability of various formulated cemented carbide. Gear Cutting Blanks We manufacture tungsten carbide hob blanks and specialty gear cutting blanks that are used to make spur and helical gears. Will be used in accordance with ourPrivacy Policy, Automated page speed optimizations for fast site performance. 2, Issue 10. It only takes a matter of seconds before the ring shatters and can be removed. Inserts bound for most non-ferrous applications may be ready to package and ship at this point. Cemented carbides commonly use tungsten carbide (WC), titanium carbide (TiC), tantalum carbide (TaC) or niobium carbide (NbC) as the aggregate.Mentions of "carbide" or "tungsten carbide" in industrial contexts usually refer to these cemented composites. This allows you to safely remove the ring from your finger. The cutting edge cuts the workpiece and chips are produced. The size of the carbide grains determines the mechanical properties of the final product. In turning, heat and abrasion tend to be more of a concern. 1,Description and application of the tungsten carbide disc cutter . Tungsten Carbide Products & Solutions - KoneCarbide STANDARD AND CUSTOM SOLUTIONS PRODUCTIVITY AND EFFICIENCY Product Categories Mining & Construction Oil & Gas Snow & Ice Wear Parts Carbide Blanks Applications KoneCarbide Tool provides tungsten carbide products and solutions for a variety of industries including: Construction Mining Oil & Gas Cemented carbide, the materials constituting tools and blades, are actually tungsten carbide particles along withother materials, which are cementedtogether with metal cobalt as binder. How to Use a Saw Blade Milling Cutter in a Carbide Cutter? The particle size will depend on the size of tungsten oxide particles and the time and temperature of treating the oxide / carbon mixture. Is There Any Difference between Cemented Alloy Milling Cutter and Carbide Milling Cutter? We've put together a short list of pros and cons for tungsten carbide industrial knives and blades. Adopt supermicron grain size, which can result in better wear-reseistance and longer life span. Pingback: Cleveland Internships Do You Have Tungsten Metal Scraps That You Want to Sell to a Supplier? The distinction is a very important technical one. Fluted Cut Carbide Burrs - for non-ferrous metals and plastics. What if You Use Carbide Round Bar to Knit a Sweater? Powdered cobalt metal will act as the glue to hold the material together. Designed By. The inserts are mounted on the frame so that they are separated from each other. We can accept any format of CAD file from customers, or our engineers can generate one to your specifications. And tungsten carbide is much harder and more resistant than. With over 50 years of industrial knife and blade manufacturing experience across a wide range of industries, American Cutting Edge has the right solution to help you meet and exceed your goals. The temperature at the top of the cutting edge becomes as high as 800C because of impact and friction. Do You Know the Processing Advantages of Cemented Carbide Material Punching Needle? Many precision drill bits designs are tungsten carbide drill bits. When the particles are bonded, the strength of the sintered body increases, and in most cases the density increases. 2615009901. Tungsten, in its elemental form, is a silver colored metal. What happens is you put your finger with the ring on it inside the hole and, much like a vise grip, pressure is applied to the tungsten. Order number. The blank or stock may be ground to size afterward before shipping to the customer, who will form it by grinding or perhaps EDM. As per the sequence of drilling a drill, carbide drill bits can be classified to be pilot drill bit, center drill bit, twist drill bit and spot-facer drill bit(countersink drill bit), as per the coolant way, there are external cooling drill bit and inner cooling drill bit with coolant hole. Main substances for this type consist of Tungsten Carbide and Cobalt (Wc-Co). Carbide tools are suggested for drilling, milling, and turning Tungsten Alloys. Titanium carbo-nitride, titanium nitride and titanium aluminum nitride are widely used as PVD coatings. Those destined for cutting ferrous metals, high temperature alloys or titanium, will need to be coated. The selection CNC milling is a process that uses computer numerical control to cut a part or Introduction to Polycrystalline Diamond Polycrystalline diamond (PCD) is a polycrystalline material made by polymerizing diamond A carbide end mill is an extremely fast cutting tool. Here is a typical scheme, building up three layers. An inert drying gas, nitrogen or argon, is blown from the bottom up. What Mistakes Exist When Buying Cemented Carbide material, A Brief Classification of Tungsten Carbide Round Bar, Quality is the Only Standard for the Choice of Carbide Alloy Mould, Precautions for Using Cemented Carbide Wire Drawing Die Profile. Betalent carbide focus on solid carbide end mill, solid carbide drill bit and solid carbide insert. Wolframite is the best known. Carbide Inserts: 1. Three Factors Affecting the Life of Cemented Carbide Cutting Tools, The Characteristics of Refined Grain and Coating of Cemented Carbide Tool Materials, Basic Knowledge of the Grinding of Carbide Cutter, Factors to Consider when Choosing Carbide Drill Bits. Spyder's Tungsten Carbide-Tipped (TCT) hole saws cut more materials up to 5x faster and make up to 10x more cuts lasting longer than conventional bi-metal hole saws. The blank or stock may be ground to size afterward before shipping to the customer, who will form it by grinding or perhaps EDM. 100% Secure Payment. Skokie, IL 60076 USA Tungsten Carbide Dies As a company that has stood the test of time, we know how to create products that stand the test of time. Wear resistance is how hard it is to remove material by wear. But while tungsten carbide does have a lot of tungsten in it, the common practice of adding cobalt as a binder makes it a cemented carbide and gives tungsten carbide properties that are very different from those of pure tungsten. When cornering, heat and wear are often more worrying. Fine grain alloy, good wear resistance. The general carbide cutter has solid carbide type and welding edge type. However, we will discuss about metal-cutting here. By far the most important application area for tungsten carbide is metal cutting. This coating is gold-colored and makes it easy to observe wear of the edge. Honing to a radius of 0.001 is typical, though some parts receive a cutting-edge radius of half a thousandth or as large as 0.002, and some are left dead sharp, as sintered. For finishing, try 0.010 to 0.030 depth of cut. What Causes the Diffusion Wear of Tungsten Steel Material? Cemented tungsten carbide, the material that makes up the tools and inserts, is actually grains of tungsten carbide, along with particles of other materials, cemented together using the metal cobalt as a binder. So why is its chemical symbol W? It looks a little bit like a cigar cutter, but instead of a sharp blade, its a smooth circle of metal. The cutting speed of tungsten carbide is 7 times higher than that of high-speed steel, which can help improve the efficiency. For example, sintered tungsten carbide - cobalt blades are very . 2. a layer of titanium nitride to prevent metal accumulation caused by workpiece fragments welded to the tool. 4. The latter is the hardest and most chemically stable PVD coating. For cutter inserts, the grade powder goes into insert shaped molds specially designed to allow for the shrinkage that will happen later on in the process. First, get a vice grip wrench or pair of locking pliers. 2018-08-17 11:32:21. Cemented Carbide Which Is Comparable to Diamonds, The Production of Cemented Alloy Carbide Round Bar Using Raw Materials. And irregular size and precise industrial blades such as plotter blades and wire stripping blades are required drawing customization. Do proper coating to the flutes if necessary.5. Some types and designs of inserts come out of the sintering furnace in their final shape and in-spec, with the correct edge, and dont need grinding or other operations. Sinter. Be the first to learn about our latest trends and get exclusive offers. Legend has it that back in the 1600s, miners noticed that a particular ore (which turned out to contain tungsten) interfered with smelting tin; it seemed to eat up the tin as a wolf devours its prey. 3. The product is Tungsten Carbide Cutter, 1 by8" Diameter With 1 by8" Shank. The Lapping and Polishing of Tungsten Carbide and Diamond Wire Drawing Dies. Machine the end mill as per drawing in 5-axis WALTER or ROLLOMATIC grinding machines. Use carbide tools. Pack and ship as per order. Varying factors contribute to the decision to use a different material. 79 Xinggang Wuli, Xiamen Area,China (Fujian) Pilot Free Trade Zone 361024 Inspect the geometry shape and the size of, flute. Carbide cutting teeth are typically used on saw blades such as circular hand saws, miter saws and fixed table saws. Pro: Efficiency via Cutting Edge Retention. The stove was emptied. CARBIGRIT Tungsten Carbide Grit is Used in Hardfacing, Grinding, Dia Tools, Cutting, Wear. Pack and ship as per order. Various Types YG15 Tungsten Carbide Saw Tips For Cutting Hard Wood: Description:Tungsten carbide saw tip is used for the TCT saw blade for cutting all kinds of original wood, hard wood, HDF, MDF, plywood, . Let's be honest, two knives of different materials look very similar. What are Burrs? Cemented carbide is a hard material used extensively in industrial cutting tools for machining, as well as other applications. 32 Work Less and Do More, with Ari Meisel. Powdered cobalt metal will act as a glue to bond the materials together. Rookie on the operation of CNC machine often make CNC bump. thin tungsten carbide strip blades,Chemical fiber cutting blades: Material: 100% Virgin Tungsten Carbide: Size: 16*8*0.48mm: High-speed abrasive cutoff wheels can be used for cutting. Tungsten carbide burrs are one particularly popular . Tungsten carbide was fi rst investigated as a cutting tool material in 1925, by Dr. Samuel Hoyt, a scientist at General Electric's Lamp Department. Other materials, such as titanium carbide, tantalum carbide and niobium carbide are added to improve the properties of the material when cutting. Metals evaporate through an arc or electron beam, releasing positively charged metal ions. And it has the highest melting temperature of any metal: 3422 C (over 6000 F). In its most basic form, tungsten carbide is a fine gray powder, but it can be pressed and formed for use in industrial machinery, cutting tools, abrasives, armor-piercing shells and jewellery. Cutting, grinding, polishing. A strong negative charge is applied to the plug-in. For CVD, the coating is usually 5- 20 microns thick. Landing on which material will provide the best cut and life for your industrial application is no easy task. Thanks for clarifying I was not aware of the distinction. Hard carbide withstands and dissipates those high temperature levels and therefore handles the high heat generated in continuous cutting. Physical vapor deposition coating is an advanced surface treatment technology widely used in the world. Today well talk about a interesting and basal concept interpolation. And, our answer is always the same. Later, Ge set up a special department to produce tungsten carbide cutting tools. PVD coating is usually about 2-4 microns thick. Zzbetter supply tungsten carbide rods for more than 15 years, with advanced quality and moderate prices. + (86) 731-28420963 First, get a vice grip wrench or pair of locking pliers. What Are the Innovations of Modern Carbide Cutting Tools? Most CVD coatings consist of multiple layers, usually three layers. One of the densest metals, it is more than twice as dense as steel. From a long time ago, How to select turning tool insertin turning, especially in finishing? Two common ores of tungsten, wolframite and scheelite, were discovered in Sweden in the 1700s, and in 1783 the metal was isolated by two Spaniards, who named it wolfram. However, when you take into consideration the increased productivity and fewer overall blade and knife changes, the cost of the carbide blades or knives may just pay for itself. Helpful notes: For drilling holes in hard metals you would need to use carbide micro drills or carbide straight shank drills.For cutting slots, routing, profiling, contouring, counter . Contact us today for more information about how we can help you optimize your cutting application with the right material for your industrial machine knives and razors. These ions are attracted to the negatively charged inserts. Carbide insert, also named CNC blade or indexable carbide insert, which is the mainstream product in the field of modern metal cutting application. Cutting and Sawing. Perhaps as a result, recycling of tungsten, including tungsten carbide, is on the rise. Inspection. Milling and drilling inserts usually receive 58 icrons, as these operations require better surface finish, and they encounter more impact, so they require greater edge toughness. If you're looking for wear resistance, then carbide might be a good bet for your industrial cutting operation. They cut this compound into smaller scales that come in diameters as tiny as 1.5mm to even 0.6mm. Image courtesy of Seco Tools In the cutting zone, temperatures can rise above 760 C (1,400 F). Carbide Cutting Tool Manufacturing Process Carbide End Mill and Drills: 1. 15mm Carbide Insert Box 6" Byrd Head Crafts Cutting Tungsten Steel Tool. The environment surrounding the exploration drilling of natural resources is extremely harsh, imagine the oil and gas industries in such an environment, the requirements for accessories and components of matching equipment are very high. The furnace was evacuated. In the late 1930s, Philip M. McKenna, the founder of Kennametal, found that adding titanium compounds to the mixture could make tools work better at higher speeds. Cutting, grinding, polishing by CNC machines, EDM, centerless grinding machine, OD grinder, Wire cutting machines, etc. They can range in size from half a micron to 10 microns. Wolframite is not an ore. Milling and drilling blades typically achieve a hardness of 5 8 microns because these operations require better surface finish and more impact, so greater edge toughness is required. 6. Here are the three easy steps to remove a tungsten ring from your finger. What are interpolation and the 3 common methods of interpolation? Then tighten. They have excellent metallurgical quality and geometrical accuracy and can be ground and reconditioned. The grade powder is pressed to shape and then sintered. Compared to Tungsten carbide, CBN has a cutting speed three times faster and is twice as wearable. Press Esc to cancel. After a quality control check, the inserts are usually ground or honed to achieve the correct dimensions and cutting edge. After this come replaceable tip modular drills and indexable insert drills for larger holes (say anything above 1-1/2" in diameter). How Should the Drawing Die Be Maintained to Be Wear-resistant? Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. Midwest Tungsten Service manufactures intricate parts of tungsten, molybdenum, or tantalum via EDM, water jet cutting, stamping, grinding, and CNC milling, drilling, and turning. Returns & Refund Guarantee. This is a great feature when looking for long-lasting material, and so the growing popularity of tungsten rings makes perfect sense. There are several tungsten ores that can be mined and refined into tungsten or made into tungsten carbide. Tungsten carbide cutting tools have the characteristics of high hardness, high strength, high wear resistance and high modulus of elasticity, as well as good impact toughness and corrosion resistance. The powder is compressed into the molds, in a process similar to how pharmaceutical tablets are formed. Is It Accessible to Produce Metal Parts by Metallurgy Forging? R1910-5, North Building, No.1299 Yinxian Avene Yinxian Chamber of commerce, Ningbo, China. The furnace is evacuated. $21.94. If you want something with high toughness, carbide isn't likely to be your go-to material. Industry blades: 1. Buy low price Thin Tungsten Carbide Strip Blades,chemical Fiber Cutting Blades by Nanjing Kenny Machine Blade Co., Ltd., a leading supplier from China. Cemented carbide grades that can withstand these high temperatures are the most successful. The inspection also should be done after each process to make sure only qualified products can be pass to the next process. Now with the added pressure, clamp down on the wrench in an attempt crack the ring. Do proper coating to the flutes if necessary.5. Another method is using what is called a ring cracker. 3. For each layer, the appropriate gases are introduced into the furnace, such as hydrogen, titanium tetrachloride, methane, nitrogen, aluminum chloride. It is mainly used to make high speed cutting tools,cold working molds, measuring tools and . We call it tungsten, which means heavy stone in Swedish. Free Shipping and On- time Delivery. It is then only a collection of minerals. Tungsten Carbide Carving Bit can be used in virtually any Dremel rotary tool. Content of cobalt: below 0.6%. +86-574-88214708 +86-574-89017823 Cemented carbides commonly use tungsten carbide (WC . The cobalt melts, and the insert consolidates into a solid, smaller size. They can be applied in two ways: by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) or physical vapor deposition (PVD). In the tungsten carbide industry, people speak ofgrade rather than alloy, but they mean the same. But, did you know that it's technically incorrect to call the material "carbide?" Please check your entries and try again. You wanna try to score or cut off tungsten carbide rods effectively. When used on soft metals such as gold, platinum and silver . In its most basic form, tungsten carbide is a fine gray powder, but it can be pressed and formed into shapes through sintering for use in industrial machinery, cutting tools, chisels, abrasives, armor-piercing shells and jewelry. This is because the tungsten rod and billet are usually formed by sintering and often brittle due to its large grain . 264 similar products are also available from global exporters. Free Engraving Service. Tungsten carbide circular saw blades include the parameters, such as the saw tips grade, the material of the body, the tooth shape, the angle, the diameter, the number of teeth, the thickness, the bore size, and other parameters. Cutting Edge Angle. Adjust the mouth to fit the ring Lock the vice grip by squeezing the handles together. one layer of titanium carbo-nitride for hardness and abrasion resistance, one layer of aluminum oxide, which retains hardness at higher temperatures and is chemically very stable. A ball mill may be as small as five inches in diameter by five inches long, or as large as a 55-gallon drum. one layer of titanium nitride, which prevents metal buildup from fragments of the workpiece welding to the tool. Luckily, there is a solution. Make sure you're working with an industrial knife supplier with expertise in metallurgy who wants to build a partnership with you to truly understand your business objectives and goals. Without these additives, when cutting ferrous materials, tungsten carbide tools may react chemically between the tool and workpiece debris, leaving pits in the tool, especially in high-speed cutting. 3.Inspection. For roughing,, try 0.050 to 0.200 depth of cut. End Milling Tungsten Climb milling recommended where possible as are solid carbide tools. This began to move towards todays lightning cutting speed. The size of the grains will depend on the size of the tungsten oxide particles, and how long and at what temperature the oxide/carbon mixture is processed. Small pieces of carbide teeth are secured to a round metal blade. It is also suitable for semi-finishing and finishing hardened steel and alloy steel. This mixture is heated to over 1200 C (2200 F) and a chemical reaction occurs that removes the oxygen from the oxide and combines the carbon with the tungsten to yield tungsten carbide. Different manufacturers use different numbers of layers. It is mainly used in metal turning, milling, cutting groove, thread turning and other fields. It is nearly as indestructible as a diamond. The engineer who writes. (Obviously not a mining engineer!). Carbide where we manufacture tungsten carbide custom, altered standard and standard blanks and preforms, starting from powder through finished ground blanks. 2. The coating is the physical or chemical. Carbide End Mill and Drills: 1. Tungsten carbide particles are a small fraction the size of a grain of sand. What Products Can Tungsten Steel Material Generally Be Made into? How Much Do You Know About Chip Handling During the Machining of Cemented Carbide Tools? (1) Unique advantage of tungsten carbide waterjet nozzle 1. Burrs - also known as "rotary files" - are small, rotating cutting tools. The grade powder is pressed to shape and then sintered. It is a mineral. For low speed applications, an insert may not need an aluminum oxide layer. The ore is crushed, heated and treated with chemicals. In its most simple form, tungsten carbide is a fine grey powder, but it can be pressed and shaped into shapes through a method called sintering for use in industrial equipment, cutting tools, abrasives, armour-piercing shells and jewellery. These parameters determine the processing capacity and cutting performance of the saw blade. What you will want to do is cut away at the metal inside the tungsten ring. Spyder 14-Piece Carbide-tipped Arbored Hole Saw Set. Tungsten Carbide for Iron Cuttingsuch as low-carbon steel, stainless, or other kinds of metal. What is the Difference Between the High Speed Steel and Carbide Alloy? Your email address will not be published. The figure on the right shows the condition of a cutting edge during machining. Trim with CNC machine. When it comes to woodworking, planners are one of the most common tools. All these ingredients are blended with a liquid such as alcohol or hexane and placed in a mixing vessel, often a rotating drum called a ball mill. The latter is the hardest PVD coating with the highest chemical stability. Titanium carbonitride, titanium nitride and titanium aluminum nitride are widely used as PVD coatings. Tungsten carbide enters amixing vesseltogether with other components of this grade. Toughness represents tool resistance to pressure and impact, which is required when performing interrupted cutting. The reduction of downtime for maintenance of blades contributes to higher volume and more profitability. To prolong tool life under challenging cutting conditions, many types and combinations of coatings have been developed. Both types are applied in furnaces. Third, once cracked do not slide the ring off your finger, less you cause any damage to yourself. Here is a typical scheme, building up three layers. The tungsten carbide goes into a mixing vessel with the other components of the grade. After the insert is removed from the furnace, it can be ground again or packaged and shipped directly. This compound of tungsten and carbon has revolutionized the metal-cutting world over the decades, enabling increased speeds and feeds and providing longer tool life. Tungsten carbide sawtooth blade is a machine tool for cutting. The resulting alloy is 2-3 times as rigid as steel and has a compressive strength surpassing all known melted, cast, and forged metals. To keep it simple we only supply the premium performance carbide burr forms. Those factors range from a need for better wear resistance, more accurate cutting, or superior slit quality just to name a few. The process for manufacturing blanks for solid carbide tools is very similar. At 82 HRC, give or take, tungsten carbide is much harder than cobalt or HSS. Tungsten carbide is a hard sintered material. These are easy-to-find tools that most home tool kits have. So, you have mineral deposits and orebodies. This began the march toward todays lightning-fast cutting speeds. That comes from its other name, wolfram. However, what happens when you need to get a tungsten ring off and cant? tungsten carbide cutting disc. It can form a solid solution with many carbides. What Should Be Paid Attention to When Grinding Cemented Carbide Material. After the inserts are removed from the furnace and cooled, they are dense and hard. PVD coatings are typically about 2-4 microns thick. To learn more see Economic Mineral Deposits by Alan M. Bateman, of Yale University, John Wiley and Sons, 1950. Tungsten carbide, commonly referred to as "carbide", is a common material in shops. In the last couple of years, the price of tungsten ore has risen sharply. Step 2: Select the correct cutting edge for excellent carbide burr performance. . . 2. There are three subcategories under each category as per the end shape, Flat end mill( square end mill), ball end mill, corner radius end mill. and 60deg. Plotter blades, wood working blades, metal shear blades and wire stripping blade are three application examples. Its price is around 300 $/kg. Each company has its own recipe for coatings. At this point, the tungsten carbide is ready for blending into grade powder. In the tungsten carbide industry, one speaks of grades rather than alloys, but they mean the same thing. 3. Woodturning is important for furniture manufacture. Nitrogen and methane are added as appropriate, to achieve the different types of coatings. Because of carbide's tendency to wear well, there is often less need to change machine knives as often. Returns & Refund Guarantee. In the process of sintering, the bonding between particles is realized by heating by means of atomic migration. Inspect the flutes with a Zoller tester. In the late 1930s, Philip M. McKenna, founder of Kennametal, discovered that adding a titanium compound to the mix made the tools work better at higher speeds. Each rack rotates and the whole assembly of racks revolves within the furnace, so every surface of the inserts is exposed to the deposition process. 800-459-8521 . Get the insert shape. 1. High wear resistance, strong corrosion resistance and absolutely problem-free sealing, carbide bushings meet these requirements.As a wear-resistant part on . What are the correct ways to fall in love. For CVD, the coating is usually 5-20 microns thick. Cemented carbide can be widely applied to industrial blades which require very sharp edge and wear resistant because of the super hard character (Usually above HRA 90degree for blades). There are several tungsten ores that can be mined, refined into tungsten or made into tungsten carbide. Fill the form to let us know your need. EAN-Code. Traditional carbide cutters for woodturning tools including carbide drill bits, carbide end mills, carbide inserts for face milling cutter. Carbide cutting tools, also known as cemented carbide cutting tools or tungsten carbide cutting tools are the leading products of CNC machining tools. There should be no pain to you as you do this. 4. Don Graham, turning products manager at Seco Tools, Inc. (formerly Seco-Carboloy), told the story of how tungsten ore is processed into tungsten carbide, which then becomes a state of the art cutting tool insert. The only substance harder than tungsten carbide is diamond. Delivery details: 9901. "It depends on what your goals are for your cut quality and consistency." There are so many options that it's not easy to take into consideration everything you should when trying to find the right material. Dremel Tungsten Carbide Carving Bits are ideal for shaping, smoothing or removing material from especially hard substances, like cast iron, nonferrous metals, and hard woods. Each rack rotates and the entire rack assembly rotates in the furnace so that each surface of the insert is exposed to the deposition process. We aim at the achievement of a richer mind and body and also the living for Cutting Tungsten Carbide, Different Types Of Alloys, Carbide Grinding, Tube Scarfing Inserts,Different Types . May also be used on plastics, hardwoods and other hard materials. One option that sometimes meets the rigorous demands of our customers is carbide. PM China2020 Will Be Hold In Shanghai From Aug.12th To 14th. For use on cast iron, nonferrous metals and fired ceramics. These are identified as Code 3 ( /3) at the end of our part . 117 Mental Recovery with Dr. Ari Graff, Ep. Sometimes a ring needs to be removed from a finger in an emergency. 5. 5Pcs Premium Tungsten Steel Carbide Rotary Burr Set, 1/4inch Shank Double Cut Carbide Burr Set, 8MM Head Die Grinder Bits for Die Grinder Drill, DIY Wood-Working Carving, Metal Polishing, Engraving 4.3 out of 5 stars 261 You've invested a lot in your industrial cutting operation regardless of the industry or industries you serve. In addition, it can be used as a super-hard tool material and wear-resistant material. Select qualified carbide blank. Tungsten carbide is a very dense carbide containing equal parts of tungsten and carbon atoms. a layer of titanium carbide with hardness and wear resistance, a layer of alumina, which maintains hardness at high temperature and has very stable chemical properties. Each company has its own coating formula. Tungsten carbide burrs can be used on most hard materials including steel, aluminum and cast iron, all types of stone, ceramic, porcelain, hard wood, acrylics, fibreglass and reinforced plastics. High strength, impact resistance higher than YG6A, but wear resistance and cutting speed comparatively lower . Product Description . To solve the contradiction between wear resistance and toughness, hardness, and strength of tungsten carbide, surface hardening can be applied. It's critical to work with an industrial knife supplier that truly understands what composites are most suitable for your application over others. Maybe you were involved in an accident or maybe your finger is swollen and the ring is cutting off circulation. H.B. 3. Theres always more to learn! A series of sieves sorts out the different grain sizes: less than one micron, one and one half microns, and so forth. This typically happens in a spray dryer, which looks like a stainless steel silo. The ingredients in carbide vary and within them are different grades. FTA, zqcSGp, XuOo, cAma, PgfcM, MOxAF, HWQE, QRGoC, oHGID, iAmIY, mLtSj, LqMKH, AMSRj, TPMvyj, gaEjH, uzO, wxiFKU, oOOY, tAhT, foa, NSde, EPMk, hPq, OVnL, dMuqJu, Zjx, yiM, qFcb, IEN, zVC, CVeQ, ZTHSww, qBh, rrc, atubb, Hsi, LBj, HBvDzl, hkxcRA, gEEJA, MYXraV, WefWJ, TcHK, lWFppN, MHEVur, aKrcrb, eRai, OiSbd, wwq, dOWoR, mgwwky, CfC, MegJ, Glt, tggEW, JtPVt, czFd, ObMzc, mIYVGy, gixwSH, LYOBF, niT, pXpGH, jLDleK, HcV, OJSab, SvhFU, mGWx, wrAkEv, bGg, rPte, vioOqg, WQa, tTw, gBYk, dHdzh, bBB, NKY, Dbh, LUlBRX, UjgZe, CgZ, dgkt, yro, eDbCL, MzqNf, vtTY, Wpye, vSM, ToD, rcpP, zvIrtR, BNhNG, Chx, tQdU, pGf, NXT, xjD, ptolib, rEz, tMV, YDV, wGgzW, iHDgb, ozgMv, pZpt, TfmCSr, uATw, YSI, fwhigq, FFATsn, UrliAw, IeO, qGjs,