gender pay gap south africa

In South Africa, around 38% of households are headed by women. [125] Adjusted for the amount of hours worked (and not including unpaid national military service hours), these wage differences are reduced to approximately 5.7% (non taxed) and 0.4% (tax-adjusted).[125]. In Africa, South Africa is ranked first on the Africa Gender Equality Index. being pregnant or being a mother". with men in their 30s paid less than women for part-time work. More women are in ministerial offices, improving the political empowerment score, but women are not receiving equal pay for similar jobs, preserving the low economic participation and opportunity scores. Products. At its heart are the 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), which are an urgent call for action by all countries - developed and developing - This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. [166][needs update], In October 2014, the UK Equality Act 2010 was augmented with regulations which require Employment Tribunals to order an employer (except an existing micro-business or a new business) to carry out an equal pay audit where the employer is found to have breached equal pay law. As has been the case in recent decades, the 2020 wage gap was smaller for workers ages 25 to 34 than for all workers 16 and older. WebAsia-Pacific Central & Eastern Europe Latin America Middle East & Africa North America Western Europe. [4][5][6], In this binary model, gender and sexuality may be assumed by default to align with one's genetic or gamete-based sex, i.e. [77] In this way, gender plays a mediating role in work discrimination, and women find themselves in positions that do not allow for the same advancements as males. To understand how we calculate the gender pay gap, see our 2013 post, How Pew Research Center measured the gender pay gap.. WebWatch breaking news videos, viral videos and original video clips on CNN.com. The indicator shows that women experience a bigger gender gap in potential-based job transitions in fields where they are currently under-represented, such as Cloud Computing, where the job-switching gap is 58%; Engineering, where the gap is 42%; and Product Development, where the gap is 19%. Women are generally found to be paid less than men. Subscribe to receive an email alert for new content on Management Review. [160], The most significant factors associated with the gender pay gap are full-time/part-time work, education, the size of the firm a person is employed in, and occupational segregation (women are under-represented in managerial and high-paying professional occupations). The most recent data is from 2020 Current Population Survey Merged Outgoing Rotation Group The cookies is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Necessary". The number of substantiated complaints at EY is roughly in line with those reported by other big four consulting firms, which have all ramped up their transparency around workplace culture through annual reporting in a positive move towards improving staff conditions. The gender gap. What do legislators, activists, board members, trade unions, academics, and organisational leaders need to know about transparency mechanisms to support efforts in this regard? [168] Since April 2018, employers with over 250 employees are legally required to publish data relating to pay inequalities. [122] The Global Gender Gap ranking, found by compiling economic participation and opportunity, educational attainment, health and survival, and political empowerment scores, in 2009 it was 67th out of 134 countries representing 90% of the globe, and its ranking has dropped to 86th out of 145 countries in 2015. [44] Women also remained outnumbered in the C-Suite 7 to 1. Third, effective mid-career reskilling policies, combined with managerial practices, which embed sound, unbiased hiring and promotion practices, will pave the way for a more gender-equal future of work. There are several different factors that affect New Zealand's wage gap. [45] [46] However, "women of every racial and ethnic group earn less than men of the same group. Islam, for example, teaches that mothers are the primary care givers to their children. Mothers, even those who are married and work full time, tend to carry a larger load at home than fathers when it comes to these tasks. Mr Nelson said the increase in reported issues showed there had definitely been an increase in the awareness of staff about complaint processes. WebIn addition, gender wage gap is a phenomenon of gender biases. Iceland is the most gender-equal country in the world for the 12th time. The term "leftover women" produces anxieties for women to rush marriage, delaying employment. US Retail Mobile App Features Benchmark 2022; Penalties in the study countries ranged from public naming and shaming to fines. WebWith 189 member countries, staff from more than 170 countries, and offices in over 130 locations, the World Bank Group is a unique global partnership: five institutions working for sustainable solutions that reduce poverty and build shared prosperity in All rights reserved. In a 2017 Pew Research Center survey, about four-in-ten working women (42%) said they had experienced gender discrimination at work, compared with about two-in-ten men (22%). Female-headed households are approximately 40% poorer than those headed by men. [39] Women, in contrast, are more likely to be in clerical jobs and to work in the service industry. A way forward This website uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the website. France, Germany, India, South Africa, Sweden, New Zealand, and the United Kingdom. [120]:25,222, As stated by Jayoung Yoon, South Korea's female employment rate has increased since the 1997 Asian financial crisis as a result of women 25 to 34 years old leaving the workforce later to become pregnant and women 45 to 49 years old returning to the workforce. The South African pay gap picture For example, in Ghana, 89% of Christian women and men say religion is very ", "Gender Gaps and the Rise of the Service Economy", "Scientists' salary data highlight US$18,000 gender pay gap", "What Will it Take to Close the Gender Pay Gap for Good? "[118], Using the gaps between men and women in economic participation and opportunity, educational attainment, health and survival, and political empowerment, The Global Gender Gap Report 2018 ranks China's gender gap at 110 out of 145 countries. The Catholic Church, the largest Christian denomination, only ordains cisgender men as priests. [23], Some scholars have contested the existence of a clear gender binary. [31][32] "Gender identity disorder" entered the DSM-IV in 1980 and was used by doctors to pathologize transgender individuals. [95] In 2018, Iceland enacted legislation to reduce the country's pay gap.[96]. South Africa has various pieces of legislation aimed at preventing gender discrimination in the workplace. 317)", "Frequently asked questions about pay equity", "Australia's Gender Pay Gap Statistics 2021", "Decomposing the Gender Pay Gap in the Australian Managerial Labour Market", "Gender Differences in Employment and Why They Matter", Women in the Workforce: Still a Long Way from Equality, "La banca aprovecha que en Dominicana hay ms mujeres que hombres", "Miehet painavat tit niska limassa naiset eivt", "Tehtyjen tytuntien mr on laskenut tasaisesti vuosina 1995-2005", "Pay gap between men and women: MEPs call for binding measures to close it | News | European Parliament", "Wo liegen die Ursachen? Watson also notes that despite the "characteristics of male and female managers being remarkably similar, their earnings are very different, suggesting that discrimination plays an important role in this outcome". Data published includes the pay and bonus figures between men and women, and includes data from April 2017. [67] Flexibility stigma can be defined as the consequences imposed on workers for attempting to balance the responsibilities of their careers and families. These cookies ensure basic functionalities and security features of the website, anonymously. Globally, South Africa is ranked 19 among 149 countries on the Gender Gap Index. Yet, the country has a stagnant median gender pay gap of between 23% and 35%. (Ep. One of the reasons for that is that they have a higher level of education during this age. Published: 16 December 2019 Global Gender Gap Report 2020 Download PDF. About Pew Research Center Pew Research Center is a nonpartisan fact tank that informs the public about the issues, attitudes and trends shaping the world. In fact, the average women will work 54.4 hours a week, and the average man will only work 51.4 hours per week. In fact, a "major part of the earnings gap is simply due to women managers being female". ", "Annual Survey of Hours and Earnings: 2015 Provisional Results", "The Equality Act 2010 (Equal Pay Audits) Regulations 2014", "David Cameron sets out plans to tackle gender pay gap", "PAYnotes on Gender Pay Reporting What employers need to know", "The gender pay gap data is in what now? Reports. [13] Major religions such as Islam and Christianity, in particular, act as authorities for gender roles. The Global Gender Gap Index measures scores on a 0 to 100 scale and scores can be interpreted as the distance to parity (i.e. The report shows that the payoffs to work experience is lower for women across the world as compared to men. "[93][94], In 2016, the EEOC proposed a rule to submit more information on employee wages by gender to better monitor and combat gender discrimination. Firstly, make it legal. Eurostat found a persisting gender pay gap of 17.5% on average in the 27 EU Member States in 2008. The 2021 reports findings are listed below. For example, New Jersey is now offering new mothers and their families the option to enroll in programs that allow them compensation while away from their job. Help using this website - Accessibility statement, roughly in line with those reported by other big four, workplace culture through annual reporting. However, the EEA addresses mainly pay discrimination at the individual job level. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites. [84] This is because pensions plans are generally calculated based on one's salary per year. Pass laws at regional and national level that place a duty on employers to give men and women equal remuneration for the same or similar work, or work of equal value. The report revealed that EY investigated 17 workplace issues in 2022, substantiating 13, and received a further 64 misconduct and disciplinary complaints. One-in-four employed women said they had earned less than a man who was doing the same job; just 5% of men said they had earned less than a woman doing the same job. Much of this gap has been explained by measurable factors such as educational attainment, occupational segregation and work experience. One of the most commonly reported forms of discrimination focused on earnings inequality. This year, the Global Gender Gap index benchmarks 156 countries, providing a tool for cross-country comparison and to prioritize the most effective policies needed to close gender gaps. [119] As an upper middle income country, as classified by the World Bank, China is the "third-least improved country in the world" on the gender gap. Get information on latest national and international events & more. As the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic continues to be felt, closing the global gender gap has increased by a generation from 99.5 years to 135.6 years. [124] However, taking into account the hours worked in Finland, men there only earned 0.4% more in net income than women. WebAfrica's Deadliest. This stereotyping is a significant contributor to the gender pay gap. Visit PayScale to research data analyst salaries by city, experience, skill, employer and more. The latter typically takes into account differences in hours worked, occupations chosen, education and job experience. There are two distinct numbers regarding the pay gap: non-adjusted versus adjusted pay gap. [147] [47], A 2015 meta-analysis of studies of experimental simulations of employment found that "men were preferred for male-dominated jobs (i.e., gender-role congruity bias), whereas no strong preference for either gender was found for female-dominated or integrated jobs". The COVID-19 pandemic is harming health, social and economic well-being worldwide, with women at the centre. [162][163] The median pay, the point at which half of people earn more and half earn less, is 17.9% less for employed women than for employed men. It also cited that 6.0% of working men were employers, while the proportion of women employers was only 3.3%. 190), Workers with Family Responsibilities Convention (N 156), Discrimination (Employment and Occupation) Convention (N 111), International Center Training Center courses on gender equality and diversity, Key findings of 'Experiences of violence and harassment at work: A global first survey', Experiences of violence and harassment at work: A global first survey, Gender, Equality, Diversity and Inclusion Branch of the ILO. The survey also pointed out that 92.3% of domestic workers, a job culturally known as "feminine" and that pays low wages, are women. Coop training of trainers programme on managing Palestinian agricultural cooperatives, Upskilling women migrant workers for the future of work, Indonesian women seafarers: Fighting against the tide of harassment and discrimination, WE-Test: A tool for companies self assesment, WE-Master: E-learning modules on gender equality, WE-Mentor: Tailored support and resources, Let us invest in women as part of a human-centred recovery, Violence and Harassment Convention, 2019 (No. Conclusion - The Workplace Gender Equality Agency", "Income and Poverty in the United States: 2016", "Do South African women earn 27% less than men? This article based on the journal article titled Gender pay transparency mechanisms: Future directions for South Africa by Prof Anita Bosch and Shimon Barit provides guidelines that can help. Former Pew Research Center staff Nikki Graf and Eileen Patten contributed to this analysis. Young women earn more than men up until the age of 30, this is mostly due to a higher level of education. ", "Gender Pay Gap in the Formal Sector: 2006 - 2013(September, 2013)", "12 countries where men earn significantly more than women", "The Pursuit of Gender Equality - An Uphill Battle", "S. Korea reflects lag in gender equality: Column", "The young Koreans pushing back on a culture of endurance", "The gender wage gap and wage arrears in Russia Evidence from RLMS", http://researchbriefings.files.parliament.uk/documents/SN07068/Data-tables.xlsx, "Gender pay gap falls for full-time workers", "Annual Survey of Hours and Earnings, 2012 Provisional Results", "How Much of the Remaining Gender Pay Gap is the Result of Discrimination, and How Much is Due to Individual Choices? A 2018 audit study found that high-achieving men are called back more frequently by employers than equally high-achieving women (at a rate of nearly 2-to-1). Software. To eliminate transnational differences in the job market, measurements can focus on a single geographic area instead. In a 2008 report, GAO focused on the enforcement and outreach efforts of the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) and the Department of Labor (Labor). Since women are more likely to work fewer hours than men, they have less experience,[60] which will cause women to be behind in the work force. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. Mind the gap [160] A 2015 study compiled by the Press Association based on data from the Office for National Statistics revealed that women in their 20s were out-earning men in their 20s by an average of 1,111, showing a reversal of trends. Other firms could then gain a competitive advantage by hiring more workers from the group facing discrimination. [28][49] In addition, people may use neopronouns in place of other personal pronouns. At the current rate of progress, the World Economic Forum estimates that it will take 145.5 years to attain gender parity in politics. The gender pay gap in Australia is currently 22.8 per cent, while the gap for professional services specifically meaning accounting, legal, consulting and engineering jobs is 23.8 per cent for full-time staff. [12], According to a 2021 study on historical gender wage ratios, women in Southern Europe earned approximately half that of unskilled men between 1300 and 1800. Reporting as a transparency mechanism [21][pageneeded], Ball culture is an example of how the LGBT community interprets and rejects the gender binary. As a result, elderly women are more likely to face poverty: 22% of women aged 65 and over are at risk of poverty compared to 16% of men.[85]. By clicking Accept All Cookies you agree to the storing of cookies on your device. A 2018 systematic review of almost all correspondence experiments since 2005 found that most studies found that the evidence for gender discrimination "is very mixed", and that the amount of gender discrimination varies by occupation, though two studies found "a significant penalty for [53], A 2021 study in Sweden on affirmative action found that "even though peoples attitudes tend to be quite negative when women are favored, they are even more negative when preferential treatment based on gender is offered to men". Paris is Burning, a film directed by Jennie Livingston, depicts New York's ballroom scene in the late 1980's. Gender Pay Gap. [132] The Cologne Institute for Economic Research adjusted the wage gap to less than 2%. This is due to an exponential growth of Brazil's Political Empowerment gender gap, which measures the ratio of females in the parliament and at a ministerial level, that is too large to be counterbalanced by a range of modest improvements across the country's Economic Participation and Opportunity sub-index. Women in the Netherlands, up until the age of 30, have a higher educational level on average than men; after this age men have on average a higher educational degree. There is a pay gap across all industries. For example, to eliminate the role of horizontal and vertical segregation in the gender pay gap, salary can be compared by gender within a specific job function. But policies and measures to reduce gender pay gaps need to be monitored and reported on so that the world has benchmarks for comparisons and proposing a way forward. [35] The rates of intimate partner violence among transgender populations are referred to as epidemic levels and they are classified as a high risk population. The gender gap in Political Empowerment remains the largest of the four gaps tracked, with only 22% closed to date, having further widened since the 2020 edition of the report by 2.4 percentage points. Over and above South Africa, 16 countries were selected to form part of this study. Beyond overt discrimination, multiple studies explain the gender pay gap in terms of women's higher participation in part-time work and long-term absences from the labor market due to care responsibilities, among other factors. Ransom and Oaxaca (2005) show that women appear to be less pay sensitive than men, and therefore employers take advantage of this and discriminate in their pay for women workers.[89]. The disparity is due to women's greater participation in the shadow economy of North Korea. A lock ( ) or https:// means youve safely connected to the .gov website. [41], A 2017 study by the US National Science Foundation's annual census revealed pay gaps in different areas of science: there is a much larger proportion of men in higher-paying fields such as mathematics and computer science, the two highest-paying scientific fields. Accurate, reliable salary and compensation comparisons for South Africa. [35] Discrimination against transgender individuals is believed by researchers to contribute to greater risk of intimate partner violence. Check out the latest breaking news videos and viral videos covering showbiz, sport, fashion, technology, and more from the Daily Mail and Mail on Sunday. [78] These stereotypes then translate to what types of work men and women can or should do. [52], A series of four studies from 2019 found that "even if these careers do not pay less, people assume that men will be less interested in any career that is majority female" and that this has "the potential to create a self-fulfilling prophecy in that people are also less interested in promoting pay raises in female-dominated caregiving careers yet if more men were to enter these occupations, the salaries in these fields might also rise". The 14th edition of the report, the Global Gender Gap Report 2020, was launched in December 2019, using the latest available data at the time. Data points to significant challenges for gender parity in the future of jobs due to increasing occupational gender-segregation. [142], For the year 2013, the gender pay gap in India was estimated to be 24.81%. one's sex assigned at birth. [70][71] Job choices influenced by socialization are often slotted in to "demand-side" decisions in frameworks of wage discrimination,[72] rather than a result of extant labor market discrimination influencing job choice. [40] In 1998, adjusting for both differences in human capital and in industry, occupation, and unionism increases the size of American women's average earnings from 80% of American men's to 91%. Transgender people have a unique place in relation to the gender binary. [44], Women experience the gender pay gap differently than one another, as do their wages. [120]:26,228, In 2018, the gender wage gap in South Korea is of 34.6% and women earned about 65.4% of what men did on average, according to OECD data. [46], Personal pronouns in the English language are typically associated with either men (he/him) or women (she/her), which excludes people who do not identify as a man or a woman. The authors of this article made a number of recommendations for South Africa to find a way forward in terms of fair pay for all genders: In some countries employers have to report on the actual remuneration and bonuses paid to male and female employees, as performance bonuses and variable pay may contribute to the gender wage gap to a greater extent than base pay. Read our research on: Election 2022 | Economy | Abortion | Russia | COVID-19. Men accounted for about 75% of doctoral degrees in those fields (a proportion that has barely changed since 2007), and expected to earn $113,000 compared with $99,000 for women. 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